英语作文素材范文

英语作文素材篇1

There may be moms all over the world, but you’re the only one that matters to me.全世界也许到处都有妈妈，但您是我惟一最在意的。

Thank you for everything over the years, mom.　母亲节快乐!妈妈，谢谢您这些年来所做的一切。

Mother’s Day is a time when mothers discover how well their children can prepar e breakfast.母亲节是妈妈们发现她们的小孩会把早餐做得很好的时刻。

We would love to fix breakfast for you mom, but we think it would be safer for us all if we took you out.妈妈，我们很乐意为您准备早餐，不过我们想，如果带您上馆子，会比较保险一点。

Moms should get more than a special day, they should get a medal of honor.妈妈们应该得到的不只是一个节日，她们该获得荣誉勋章。

When I was sick, you always stood by me.当我生病时，您总是陪伴着我。

Considering the quality of food that children make their mothers on Mother’s Day, it becomes apparent that without moms, their kids would starve to death.想想母亲节时，孩子们为妈妈所做的早餐;很明显的，如果没有妈妈，孩子们将会饿死。

I want to wish you a happy Mother’s Day.祝福您母亲节快乐。

Roses are red, violets are blue. This card on Mother’s Day is especially for you.玫瑰是红色的，紫罗兰是蓝色的。这张母亲卡是特别给您的。

Thanks for being there, mom. Happy Mother’s Day.谢谢您不断地扶持我。祝您母亲节快乐。

Sometimes it may not seem like it, but I really do love you.有时候好像不是这样，但是我真的爱您。

Today is your day to relax and let us take care of you. Happy Mother’s Day.今天是您休息的日子，让我们来照顾您。母亲节快乐。

We may not be angels all of the time, but we do appreciate what you do.我们也许不是一直都像天使那样乖巧，但我们确实感谢您的教诲。

On this day we honor you, dear mother.亲爱的妈妈，我们向您致敬。

On this day we all sit back and think about how much our mothers do for us.在这一天，我们将会抽空休息一下，想想妈妈们帮我们做了多少事。

We will try to make this your best Day ever.我们将努力使今天成为您过得最愉快的母亲节。

Though it is hard to tell you sometimes, I do love you dearly, mom.虽然有时要告诉您并不太容易，但是我真的非常爱您，妈妈。

This card comes from the whole family. Happy Mother’s Day.这张卡片是我们全家合送的。祝您母亲节快乐。

I’ve tried many times to tell you, but I’ll say it again: I love you mother.我已经告诉您许多次了，但是我将再说一次：我爱您，妈妈。

更多英语写作材料推荐：

1.2015高考英语写作素材:关于母亲节的资料

2.2015中考英语作文素材:谷雨养生

3.2015高考英语作文素材:母亲节的英文祝福语

4.2015高考英语作文素材:母亲节祝福语

5.2015年高考英语写作素材:端午节的故事

6.2015年高考英语写作素材:青年节的来历

7.2015年高考英语写作素材:劳动节祝福

英语作文素材篇2

1.A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.(P. B. Shelley ， British poet )伟大的诗篇即是永远喷出智慧和欢欣之水的喷泉。(英国诗人 雪莱。 P.B)

2.Art is a lie that tells the truth 。( Picasso ， Spanish painter )美术是揭示真理的谎言。(西班牙画家 毕加索)

3.Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.(Mark Twain ， American novelist )幽默被人正确地解释为“以诚挚表达感受，寓深思于嬉笑”。(美国小说家 马克·吐温)

4.The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation; the two keep in their downward tendency.( Johan Wolfgang von Goethe ， German poet)文学的衰落表明一个民族的衰落。这两者走下坡路的时间是齐头并进的。(德国诗人歌德 。 J 。 W 。)

5.When one loves one‘s art no service seems too hard 。(O. Henry， American novelist)一旦热爱艺术，什么奉献也不难。 (美国小说家 欧·亨利)

Education 教育篇

6.And gladly would learn ， and gladly teach 。( Chaucer ， Britishpoet)勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人， 乔叟)

7.Better be unborn than untaught ， for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato ， Ancient Greek philosopher)与其不受教育，不如不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家柏拉图)

Friendship 友谊篇

8. Some friends come and go like a season. Others are arranged in our lives for good reason.(Sharita Gadison)一些朋友随季节离去，而另外一些则伴我们度过美好的季节。

9.A true friend is someone you can disagree with and still remain friends.

For if not， they weren‘t true friends in the first place.(Sandy Ratliff)真朋友是可以与你有不同见解的，如果不是，首先就不是真朋友。

10.True friendship is felt， not said.(Mariecris Madayag)朋友是说不出的感觉。

11.Friends are like stars，you don‘t always see them， but you know they‘re always there.(Hulali Luta)朋友是感觉不到的存在。

12.Memories last forever， never do they die. Friends stay together， never say goodbye.(Melina Campos)记忆永不死，朋友永不说再见。

Health 健康篇

13.light heart lives long.( William Shakespeare ， British dramatist)豁达者长寿(英国剧作家莎士比亚。 W.)

14.Early to bed and early to rise ， makes a man healthy ， wealthy and wise.(Benjamin Franklin ， American president )早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。 (美国总统 富兰克林。B.)

15.The first wealth is health 。( Ralph Waldo Emerson ， American thinker)健康是人生第一财富。 (美国思想家爱默生。 R. W.)

英语作文素材篇3

1．表达人物兴趣和爱好的常用词组或短语：

like ------very much

非常喜欢------

love

喜爱

be interested in

对------感性趣

be fond of　 喜欢

hate

憎恨

be tired of　 对------厌倦

be crazy about

对------极度喜欢

enjoy

喜欢

lose interest in

对------失去兴趣

2. 描写人物外貌和性格特征的常用词语：

good-looking　 长得好看的

ugly-looking 长得难看的

funny-looking 长相滑稽的

ordinary-looking 长相一般的

white-haired　 白头发的

warm-hearted

热心肠的

kind-hearted　 好心的

absent-minded

心不在焉的

bad-tempered 脾气不好的

near-sighted

近视眼的

far-sighted

远视眼的

tall

个高的

short

个矮的

pretty

漂亮的

naughty

淘气的

lovely

可爱的

easy-going

温和宽容的

smart

精明的

wise

明智的

bright

聪明的

diligent

勤奋的

lazy

懒惰的

clever

聪明的

healthy

健康的

humorous

幽默的

funny

滑稽的

silent

沉默的

attractive

有吸引力的

talkative

多话的

杏眼：almond-shaped　 小而亮的眼睛：beadlike　 美丽的: beautiful　 大的: big/large　 明亮的: bright　 眼珠突出的: bulging　 离的很近的: close-set　 深陷的: deep-socketed/deep-sunken　 水灵灵的: dewy　 梦幻般的: dreamy　 呆滞的: glazed　 柔和的: gentle　 呆板的: fishlike　 凹陷的: hollow/sunken　 远视的: longsighted/farsighted　 近视的：myopic/shortsighted　 眼梢上斜的: oblique

老花眼的: presbyopic　 圆的: round　 性感的: sexy　 锐利的: sharp　 斜的: slanting　 细长的: slitty　 小的: small/tiny　 斜视眼的: squint　 明亮的: starry　 水汪汪的: watery　 分的很开的: wide-spaced　 肿胀的：swollen

3．介绍人物的姓名、出身

She was born in Beijing on Oct. 12, 1986.

She was a great woman with the name ---.

Born of a poor clerk’s family, she had little schooling.

4．描述人物心情的常用词语：

sad

难过的

happy

高兴的

excited

兴奋的

pleased

高兴的

satisfied

满意的

angry

生气的

worried

担心的

disappointed　 失望的

terrified

恐惧的

friendly

友好的

anxious

焦虑的

curious

好奇的

eager

英语作文素材篇4

the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长

the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术

advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战

be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为

It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果

the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注

arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认

It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论

a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题

a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点

a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 …

Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言

As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致

reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持

be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点

argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用

play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少

be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说

As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …

be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响

exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊

the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages

23.导致，引起

lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象

a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感

sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神

sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界

widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能

acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担

financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素

英语作文素材篇5

What's lost is lost. 失者不可复得。

Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.

Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.

No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。

Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.

Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.

Manners make the man. 举止见人品。

Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.

Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.

Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。

Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.

Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.

Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.

Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.

Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.

Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.

Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。

Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.

As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.

Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。

Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.

"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。

After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。

Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.

Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.

Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.

No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.

The truth will out. 真相总会大白.

Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.

To think is to see. 思考就是明白.

Truth will prevail. 真理必胜

A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。

Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.

In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.

Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.

Every little helps. 点滴都有用.

Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。

Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.

Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.

Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.

Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.

Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.

Fair play's a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.

英语作文素材篇6

如何创造更多时间 How to Create More Time

This is, of course, not an all-inclusive list, but it’s a good start to reclaiming some time back. These were some of my biggest time-wasters:

当然我没法给出一个囊括所有可能的列表，但这个列表会是一个好开始，保证帮你争取不少时间。下面这些都是我本人浪费时间的常见行为：

1. Television – just stop it. Besides the occasional news, a movie every once in a while, some documentaries, I found it to be a huge time-waster.

电视——直接忽略。我发现，除了偶尔看看新闻、电影和纪录片，电视对我来说纯粹是浪费。

2. Internet/web – It’s really become the new television, and as such, an equivalent waste of time. Ask yourself this, “Do I really need to see another cat video?”

互联网/网络——这些其实也都是变相“电视”，纯粹浪费时间罢了。何不问问自己：“我就非得再看一个喵星人视频吗?”

3. Email – This was a more difficult one for me since responding to emails made me believe that I was being more productive. However, responding to emails all day was actually making me less productive by taking my focus off things that I really needed to get done. I now limit my time and frequency of responding to emails.

邮件——这个还真难下手。毕竟，我一直认为回复邮件可以提高效率。但事实却是，每天回复邮件反倒转移我的注意力，大大降低了效率。现在我已经限制了自己回复邮件的时间和频率。

Seven Ways to Create More Time In Your Day

每天创造更多时间的七大方法

1. Get Up Earlier

早起

Get up fifteen minutes earlier. If you're like most folk, your morning probably feels rushed: you drag yourself out of bed at the last possible minute, grab a hasty shower, maybe get some breakfast if you're lucky, sort out the kids/cat/partner and dash off to work.

提前15分钟起床。你要是像大部分人那样起床，早上可能会觉得有点赶：在最后一刻挣扎着起来，赶紧冲个澡，来得及的话就吃两口早餐，安顿好小孩/猫咪/爱人后冲出门上班。

Getting up just a bit earlier can give you some breathing space. Perhaps it'll give you time to actually sit down and enjoy your breakfast for once. Maybe you can use that fifteen minutes a day to read through that book or stack of journals that you keep meaning to get to.

稍微早点起床就不至于那么匆忙。或许至少可以真正坐下来吃顿早餐。你也可以利用每天早起的15分钟看看书或者整理一下记事本。

2. Create a Plan

制定计划

At the start of your workday, before you even check your emails, make a plan. Jot down the three most important tasks you want to accomplish that day. Put a big star next to the most important. Now, before you get into the busy work of emails and photocopying and tidying your desk, start on that important task and see it through to the end.

在你刚开始工作时，趁着还没查看邮件，赶紧定个计划吧。写下当天必须完成的三个最重要的任务，最重要的那个打上标记。然后趁着还没开始检查邮件、影印资料或整理办公桌等工作内容前，赶紧着手那个最重要的任务并保证完成它。

Surprisingly few people take the time to plan their workday, and end up spinning their wheels on a number of low-priority tasks without really accomplishing anything big.

奇怪的是，很少有人能有计划地工作，一天下来后还是周旋在几个效率甚低的任务上，最后其实什么实事都没做成。

3. Batch Tasks Together

分批处理任务

When you're going through the workday, try to keep similar tasks together. When you switch from one thing to another, your brain takes a few minutes to catch up and settle in: constantly jumping between answering emails and writing a report and tidying up your desk just means you'll lose track of where you'd got to. You might feel like you're working super-efficiently (because your mind is buzzing all over the place), but you'll actually be wasting a lot of time.

工作时可以将相似的任务并在一起处理。当你从一个任务换到另一个任务时，大脑会花几分钟进行调整：同时既要回复邮件、撰写报告，又要整理办公桌，到头来你可能会手足无措。虽然这样你可能觉得自己效率超级高(因为大脑一刻没停)，但其实并没有优化利用时间。

If you need to answer a number of emails, do them all at once. The same goes for phone calls, filing, photocopying and other similar tasks.

如果要回复的邮件很多，那就一起处理掉。电话、整理文案、影印等同样如此。

4. Block Out Chunks of Time

腾出大段时间

Do you have some big project that you'd love to get round to? Maybe it's writing a novel, starting a business, training for a marathon... whatever your particular venture or goal, you never get around to making progress.

你是否有个大计划总想花时间去做?比如写小说、创业、或马拉松训练，不管个人想法或目标是什么，你就是还没时间去落实吧?

The best way to tackle big projects like this is to force them into your schedule. Spare time doesn't just appear from nowhere – you need to make a conscious effort to create it. Block out a weekend afternoon, for instance: tell family and friends you have another engagement that day. Then storm on ahead with that project. Trust me, you'll feel great for having made a start.

对付这种大计划的办法就是强行做出安排。时间就像海绵里的水，你得用心去挤才行。比如，你可以腾出一个周末下午的时间，告诉亲友自己另有安排，然后开始拿出行动吧。相信我，一旦开始你就会感到妙不可言。

5. Don't Multitask

不要一心多用

Although multitasking feels efficient – because it feels busy – it actually loses you time. By sticking to doing one thing at a time, you'll be much more focused and able to produce your best work: there's nothing efficient about rushing a job which you then end up having to redo.

虽然同时处理多个任务会使你感到很有效率(因为一直在忙)，但其实很耗时间。坚持一次只做一件事，你会更专注更有效率：与其匆忙“鬼画符”后又返工，还不如先专心做好一件事呢。

6. Stay Focused

保持专注

When you are working on a task, make a conscious effort to remain focused. Sure, you'll have intrusive thoughts like maybe I should check my email or this desk could really do with tidying. Just recognize that those thoughts are impulses which you don't need to give into. If you think of something while you're working on your task like I really must phone Joe, then just make a note on a bit of paper or in your diary so you don't forget – and get on with the task at hand.

工作时一定要努力保持专注。当然，你可能会时不时想到“该查看邮件了”或“办公桌真该整理一下了”，但请记住：这些都只是一时想法，不要陷进去。如果你工作时想到别的事情，比如“我真得打电话给乔了”，那就在纸上或记事本上写下来以免忘记，然后继续手头的工作。

You'll accomplish much more by working in a deliberately focused way than if you let yourself jump around from task to task as things come to mind.

刻意保持专注比思想散漫时的工作效率要高得多。

7. Finish Work On Time

按时完成工作

Finally, one of the best ways to make more time in your life is to finish your work on time! If you work for an employer, make an effort to leave the office on time – at least a couple of days each week. (I know this is difficult if your workplace has a long-hours culture).

最后，在生活中创造更多时间的办法就是——按时完成工作!如果你是上班族，就确保能按时下班——至少每周能有那么几天。(当然，如果你的公司有加班的习惯，这么做也不那么容易。

If you work for yourself, you need to be even more self-disciplined, as your work is likely to be very easily accessible when you're at home! Some good ways to create a boundary at the end of the day are to keep your work separate from the rooms in your house where you relax. You could also schedule something social in the evening (perhaps meeting friends for a drink) so that you can't get caught up in "just one more email".

英语作文素材篇7

About the Lantern Festival origin is varied, there are three widely circulated.

The Lantern Festival comes a legend

Night when the festival is a Chinese emperor in honor of "ping lu". Legend hanshu a series after the death of hanshu afraid of to slip, plotting insurgency, clan wang capsule combined with founding veteran bo zhou suppressed "chaos" of lu. Special riot, the minister the second son of liu liu, said the Chinese emperor. Wen emperor was deeply millennium hard-won, kept calm "chaos of the lv" the fifteenth day of the first, as the day which was attended with the people, every family decorated in the capital, to celebrate. From then on, the fifteenth day of the first became a folk festivals celebrate - ring "yuanxiao".

The Lantern Festival origin legend ii

The Lantern Festival is also called the Lantern Festival, is celebrated the first full moon of the year. According to Taoism "three yuan", the fifteenth day of the Lantern Festival, July 15 for the hungry ghost festival, on October 15th is RMB under section. Head up, middle and down three yuan heaven, earth, three officers, respectively cheongwan joy, so the Lantern Festival to eep. Yuanxiao randeng custom of setting off fireworks is from the claim.

The Lantern Festival origin legend three

Lantern Festival originated in the "torch festival", the han people in the country field hold torches to drive bug beast, hope to reduce the insect pest, pray for good harvest. To this day, people in some areas in southwestern China on the fifteenth day of the first made a torch LuChai or branches, flocking carrying torches in farm or ShaiGuChang dance. Since the sui, tang, song, but also reached its zenith. Sufficient amount to tens of thousands of those who participate in the dance, from the unconscious, and to grey and alone. When along with the social and the change of The Times, the Lantern Festival customs already had a big change, but still is a traditional Chinese folk festival, torch also gradually into the lantern.

Since middle period of tang dynasty, the Lantern Festival has become the national reform and development of mardi gras, so the Lantern Festival is a traditional festival custom is the most thorough and typical traditional festival.

Most of the Lantern Festival custom have yuanxiao, lanterns, guess riddles, and bang, dragon dance, lion dance and other activities, but across the north and the south customs has uniqueness.

每年的阴历正月十五是中国人很重视的传统节日，元宵节。元宵节也叫“上元节”,春灯节，是很多家庭团圆的节日。正月十五日是一年中第一个月圆之夜，加上吃元宵的习俗，这个节日就和团圆两个字牢牢的联系起来。元宵节是春节之后的第一个重要节日，不管是南方北方都对这个节日比较重视，举行很多的活动来庆祝这个节日。大家一定很好奇元宵节的来历和习俗，现在中国吃网小编就告诉你元宵节是怎么来的，都有哪些习俗。

有关元宵节来历的说法多种多样，有3种说法流传较广。

元宵节来历传说一

宵节是汉文帝时为纪念“平吕”而设。相传吕后一系在吕后死后害怕大全旁落，密谋叛乱，宗室齐王刘囊联合开国老臣周勃一起平定了“诸吕之乱”。平乱之后，众臣拥立刘邦的第二个儿子刘恒登基，称汉文帝。文帝深感太平盛世来之不易，便把平息“诸吕之乱”的正月十五，定为与民同乐日，京城里家家张灯结彩，以示庆祝。从此，正月十五便成了一个普天同庆的民间节日--“闹元宵”。

元宵节来历传说二

元宵节又称“上元节”,是人们庆祝一年中第一次的月圆之夜。据道教的“三元说”,正月十五日为上元节，七月十五日为中元节，十月十五日为下元节。主管上、中、下三元的分别为天、地、人三官，天官喜乐，故上元节要燃灯。元宵燃灯放烟火的习俗就是从这个说法来的。

元宵节来历传说三

元宵节起源于“火把节”,汉代民众在乡间田野持火把驱赶虫兽，希望减轻虫害，祈祷获得好收成。直到今天，中国西南一些地区的人们还在正月十五用芦柴或树枝做成火把，成群结队高举火把在田头或晒谷场跳舞。隋、唐、宋以来，更是盛极一时。参加歌舞者足达数万，从昏达旦，至晦而罢。当随着社会和时代的变迁，元宵节的风俗习惯早已有了较大的变化，但至今仍是中国民间传统节日，火把也逐渐变为了彩灯。

自唐朝中期以来，元宵节发展成为了我国全民性的狂欢节，因此元宵节是把传统节日习俗体现得最为彻底和典型的传统节日。

英语作文素材篇8

[关键词] 英语教材编写；培养目标；学生需求；人文性；《大学英文选》

[中图分类号] H31 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-893X（2012）05?0054?04

近年来，英语本科专业教材的编写出版不断繁荣，各类教材推陈出新，一定程度上体现了语言教学的新思路，也丰富了教材使用的选择。但是，在越来越多专家学者呼吁英语专业回归人文学科本位的背景下，英语专业教材尤其是综合英语教材编写过程中如何充分彰显专业人文性却未引起人们的足够重视，已成为国内英语教育研究的一个薄弱环节。教材是专业学生最基本的学习工具和核心材料，而按照《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）的各种目标要求编写教材，其选材取向直接关系到《大纲》规定的各种语言知识、技能、人文素养等目标能否实现，需要外语教育工作者认真探究。在已有的研究中，文秋芳提出了英语专业教材编写的三大原则[1]。庄智象则指出现有英语专业教材中对人文科学和文化重视不够的倾向[2]。这些论述，阐明了当前教材编写中存在的问题，包孕了教材编写的新理念，对英语专业教材的编写具有较普遍的指导作用。本文在前述研究基础上分析《大纲》教学要求的不平衡性以及教材编写过程中盲目的需求分析给编写工作带来的不利影响，并以一本民国时期编写的英语教材为例阐述英语教育人文性内涵如何体现在教材编写选材中。

一、教材编写的依据及相关问题

（一）教学大纲

《大纲》开篇指出，《大纲》所作的各项规定是编写英语专业教材的依据。这要求《大纲》确定的培养目标与教学要求必须在教材编写中予以体现。《大纲》确定的英语专业人才的培养目标为“复合型英语人才”，学生“应具有扎实的基本功、宽广的知识面、一定的相关专业知识、较强的能力和较高的素质”[3]（1）。客观而言，这样的目标描述是比较全面的。

就具体的教学要求来说，《大纲》对各类专业技能如语音、语法、词汇、听力、口语、阅读、写作、翻译等又按级作了详细的说明，这里不一一列举。但是在文化素养方面，《大纲》仅要求学生“熟悉中国文化传统，具有一定的艺术修养；熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯；具有较多的人文知识和科技知识；具有较强的汉语口头和书面表达能力；具有较强的创新意识和一定的创新能力”[3]（1）。比较《大纲》专业技能与文化素养的教学要求，可以发现它们二者具有明显的不平衡性：前者条目清晰，层级分明；后者则笼统含糊。《大纲》仅指出学生在四年学习中要熟悉英语国家的概况，学习较多的人文知识和科技知识，培养较强的创新意识，至于“文化传统”“人文知识”等究竟要包括哪些层面的内容，《大纲》则语焉不详。从开设课程来看，专业技能课课程类型丰富，学时较长，体现人文素养的课程除了文学、英美国家概况等少数课程外多数被列入选修课，而通观此类课程的教材，内容往往多介绍说明，少思辨分析，不能不引起我们的重视。

诚然，关乎语言本体的知识和技能，在教材编写中须充分关注，但目前的问题在于，我们过多关注语言知识与技能的传授和训练，对人文科学和文化没有给予足够的重视，这种教学要求上的不平衡性，很大程度上决定了《大纲》较高层次培养目标能否实现，因此不容忽视。此外，从教材编写者角度来说，依照《大纲》描述的语言本体结构特点进行选材编写，方便按部就班，易于操作。相反，要将文化素养这些高层次目标内容全面落实在编写中，则无法一蹴而就，它需要编者自身视野开阔，人文素养深厚，语言功底扎实，这样在选材时方可博采人文精华，集成学习精品。

毫无疑问，包括教材编写者在内的英语教育工作者应在这一问题上积极探索，勇于实践。编写者在选材编写过程中应特别注重兼顾基本功、知识面、能力及素质各个方面，做好各阶段各方面统筹考虑，在选材上要既重视语言技能训练又认真挖掘较系统的人文科学素材，力争每篇选材“语不惊人死不休”，这样才能从源头上帮助实现技能训练融入文化教学，实现《大纲》规定的各级培养目标。相反，若编者畏难怕苦而避重就轻，或缘于自身学养所限缺乏甄别眼光，则无法汲取真正的人文精髓，仅会炮制一些新的大众读物，其结果也必然是昙花一现，不能成为教材精品。

（二）学生需求

教材编写除了符合教学大纲的目标和要求以外，还应考虑教材使用者（主要是学习者）的需求，是否考虑这种需求也已成为教材评价一项重要内容。例如，坎宁斯沃思列出的教材评估指导意见第一条就明确指出：教材应与学习者需求相符合[4]（15）。英国语言学家哈默也指出，在评价一本教材时应尽力包括学生的意见，考虑学生的需求[5]（301）。国内研究者也积极探索教材与学习者需求之间的关系，如钱瑗提出编者“在选择课文时应考虑到学生的需要和兴趣”[6]。程晓堂认为“无论是分析或评价教材，还是编写教材，都要考虑教材使用者的需求”[7]。在具体的需求分类上，Masuhara将学生需求分为三个类别：个人需求、学习需求与就业需求[8]，涉及学生文化背景、学习风格、学习目标、就业前景等诸多方面。这些论述表明，学生的语言学习需求已成为教材评估的一个重要项目，同时也成为教材编写的一项重要依据。