中外优秀竞技健美操运动员跳跃类难度动作的比较

摘 要：对第10～11届世界健美操锦标赛我国与世界各项前3名运动员成套动作中所选的跳跃类难度动作进行了分析，结果显示：我国优秀竞技健美操运动员在成套动作中选用的跳跃类难度动作的数量和分值上均高于世界前3名选手；我国优秀竞技健美操运动员选用的跳跃类难度动作类型主要偏重于屈体分腿跳类，动作的完成比世界优秀运动员选用的科萨克跳类的难度大；我国优秀竞技健美操运动员选用的跳跃类难度动作主要分布在整套操的前半套，而世界优秀运动员主要分布在整套操的后半套，这对运动员的专项体能及下肢动力性力量的要求较高，这说明我国优秀竞技健美操运动员与世界优秀运动员相比下肢动力有一定的差距。

关 键 词：训练与竞赛；竞技健美操；跳跃类难度动作；中外优运动员

中图分类号：G831.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-7116(2012)05-0123-04

A comparison of difficult jumping moves made by excellent competitive aerobics players at home and abroad

CHEN Rui-qin

（School of Physical Education，Soochow University，Suzhou 215021，China）

Abstract: The author analyzed difficult jumping moves used in routines completed by Chinese and world top 3 players in each event in the 10th and 11th World Aerobics Championships, and revealed the following findings: the numbers and scores of difficult jumping moves used in routines completed by Chinese excellent aerobics players were all higher than those completed by world top 3 players; the types of difficult jumping moves used by Chinese excellent aerobics players were mainly straddle jumps, which were more difficult to complete than Cossack jumps used by world excellent players; difficult jumping moves used by Chinese excellent aerobics players were mainly distributed in the first half of the entire program, while difficult jumping moves used by world excellent players were mainly distributed in the second half of the entire program, which has a higher requirement for the event specific stamina and the dynamic strength of the lower limbs of the players, means that the dynamic strength of the lower limbs of Chinese excellent competitive aerobics players is somewhat weaker than that of world excellent players.

Key words: competition and training；competitive aerobics；difficult jumping moves；excellent players at home and abroad

竞技健美操是在音乐伴奏下，通过难度动作的完美完成，展示运动员连续表演复杂和高强度动作的能力。成套动作必须通过所有动作、音乐和表现的完美融合体现创造性。比赛项目分为：男子单人操、女子单人操、混合双人操、3人操和6人操[1]。随着世界竞技健美操技术水平的发展，我国竞技健美操技术水平也在不断提高，近几年在世界竞技健美操比赛中取得了十分优异的成绩，但由于我国竞技健美操起步晚、起点低，与世界先进水平相比仍存在着一定的差距，虽然我国6人操和3人操实力较强，已达到世界领先水平，但混双和女单项目较弱。难度动作是竞技健美操竞赛取胜的关键，而跳跃类难度动作是竞技健美操难度动作中的核心内容。本研究采用录像分析法，通过对第10～11届世界健美操锦标赛我国与世界各项前3名运动员成套动作中所选跳与跃类难度动作类别、级别及整体布局等方面进行比较，客观地分析我国与世界优秀运动员之间存在的优势和不足，并提出相应的改进建议，为进一步提高我国各项竞技健美操的实力提供参考。

1 历届竞技健美操竞赛规则中跳与跃类难度动作的数量和级别

《FIG竞技健美操竞赛规则》中规定有4组难度动作:A组动力性力量；B组静力性力量；C组跳与跃；D组平衡与柔韧。其中C组跳跃难度动作最多,也是竞技健美操运动员选择难度最多的一类。通过对1997～2009年版的《FIG竞技健美操竞赛规则》5个版本的要求，对跳跃类难度动作的数量、级别进行比较分析后发现，每一版本均有改变，尤其是难度级别要求有大幅度的提高，分值0.7～1.0分的数量由原来的3个逐渐增加至69个(表1)。规则的改变就是竞技健美操的又一次改革与创新，也就意味着跳跃类难度动作向着“更新、更难、更美”方向发展。由表2中跳跃类难度动作所占总难度的百分比来看，跳跃类难度在近4次的规则修改中均占51%以上，说明竞技健美操难度动作仍以跳与跃类难度动作为核心内容。