英语动态动词的“人与事”

时间:2022-10-13 09:35:39

英语动态动词的“人与事”

【摘要】英语动词是英语句子的灵魂,其中动态动词使用最为重要。该类动词动作的发出者和承受者由人或物来充当差异很大,它主宰着句子的含义,决定着句子的结构。研究该类动词的人、事关系具有很重要的实用价值,对英语学习者有着广泛的指导意义。

【关键词】动态动词;主语;宾语;人物;事物;及物动词

英语中的动态动词是最普遍,最实用,数量最大的一类,它表示人或物的动作,涉及到动作的发出者和承受者,即动作的主语或宾语,而主语和宾语常常是由人或事物来充当;而且主语和宾语又是相对而言的,有时会变成逻辑主语和逻辑宾语。所以,研究该类动词的人、事关系具有很重要的实用价值,对英语学习者有着广泛的指导意义。

动态动词包括表动作的及物动词和不及物动词,而表状态的动词称作静态。下面分六种情况探讨动态动词的人、事关系。

1 主语是事的不及物动词,常用介词来涉及人

这类动词常见的有happen, occur,hit等。如:

An accident happened to her. 她偶遇一场车祸。

A good idea occurred to him. 他突然想起一个好主意。

A clever idea hit on / upon him suddenly. 他突然想到一个妙法。

有时不及物动词(短语)后续介词后就成了一个及物动词短语,就可用人作主语且后接指物的宾语了,如run out (of),come up (with)等。

His money has run out. 他的钱用光了。 He has run out of his money. 他用光了他的钱。

A plan came up at the meeting.会上提出一个计划。

He couldn’t come up with a plan at the meeting. 他不能在会上拿出一个计划。

2 半使役动词的人和事

“半使役动词”在英语语法上还是一个没有被认同的概念或术语,而只是认可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作为形容词使用。但这类词汇数量较大,使用频率高,业已成为学习和考查中的重点,难点,易混易错点,而且在教学一线已经广泛地被教师和学生所接受。半使役动词之所以得名,一则它们的意义都有“使某人感到……”,再则是为了与具有特殊用法的使役动词let, have, make等区别开来。在这里我们探讨一下它们的人、事关系。

(1)常见的半使役动词有:

amaze(使某人感到惊呀), astonish(使某人感到惊奇),

bore(使某人感到厌倦), complicate(使某人感到复杂),

confuse(使某人感到迷惑), disappoint (使某人感到失望),

delight(使某人感到高兴), discourage(使某人感到气馁),

distinguish(使某人感到显著), excite (使某人感到兴奋),

encourage(使某人感到鼓舞), exhaust (使某人感到疲倦),

frighten(使某人感到恐惧), interest (使某人感到有趣),

inspire(使某人感到刺激), move(使某人感到激动),

please(使某人感到高兴), puzzle(使某人感到不解),

satisfy(使某人感到满意), surprise(使某人感到惊异),

shock(使某人感到震惊), strike (使某人感到震动),

tire(使某人感到疲惫), upset (使某人感到迷惑不解),等等。

(2)半使役动词有两个或三个派生形容词,一个加-ing,一个加-ed,有时还有一个加其他后缀派生而成。如:interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished; pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory.

(3)半使役动词的主动式用法:something+V+somebody. (物作主语,人作宾语)

如:What surprised him most was her bravery. The scenery interested every visitor.

His brave deeds moved China. The exam result satisfied his parents.

The boy’s behavior upset everybody around.

(4)半使役动词的v-ing和v-ed两个分词形容词的用法也有规律:一般而言,作定语时,v-ing分词形容词修饰事物名词,v-ed分词形容词修饰人或者人的心理活动的名词等;作表语或宾语补足语时,v-ing分词形容词指事;v-ed分词形容词指人或拟人用法。而且作表语的v-ed分词后接事时常有一个介词。如:

The film we saw last night was very interesting.

We were all interested in the film.

The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened.

The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his students.

3 及物动词的主语和单宾语常常人、事兼可

一般情况下,及物动词的主语和单宾语是人或是物来充当皆可,没有规律可循。但下面的几种情况需要我们注意:

(1)部分动词的主语只能是人;部分动词的主语只能是事。如我们在区分4个“花费”spend,

pay, take, cost时,就常常依据它们的主语和宾语来入手。

I spent two hours (in) staying in the library. I spent a large sum of money on books.

spend的主语是人;宾语可以是时间,金钱,精力等。

I paid $2000 for the car. I paid you $2000 for the car.

pay的主语是人;宾语是另外的人或金钱。

It took (me)3 hours to complete the task. The task took (me) 3 hours to complete.

take的主语是物或不定式(形式主语it);宾语是时间。

The mistake cost him his life. (比喻用法). It will cost him $30 to fly to Paris .

cost的主语是事物或it;宾语是金钱。

(2)常接反身代词作宾语的及物动词的用法:

英语中有为数不少的动词常常接反身代词来作宾语,如behave, devote, dress, discover, engage, enjoy, find, help, imagine, introduce, make, prepare , seat, teach, etc. 参看下列例子:

God help those who help themselves. Help yourself to some fish.

He devoted himself to studying AIDS.

When he woke up, he found himself lying on the beach.

The teacher explained the problem once more so that he could make himself understood.

The new teacher introduced herself to the class before the new lesson.

Tell those children to behave themselves.

这些词汇中大多数在日常运用时以系表结构或被动形式出现。如:

She was always dressed in colors.

We all were prepared to study for the final examination.

Please be seated and have a cup of coffee.

The little town is located on the river.

The new guests were introduced to the meeting.

We faced too much trouble. = We were faced with too much trouble.

4 及物动词的双宾语须是一人一事

双宾语动词要接两个宾语才能使得句子表意完整,而且是一个宾语指人,一个宾语指事,其中指人的宾语叫间接宾语,指事的宾语称作直接宾语。它们满足于下列结构:

及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 或者 及物动词+直接宾语+ to/for +间接宾语

常见的双宾语动词有:ask, buy, allow, bring, forgive, give, hand, leave, lend, pay, offer, pass, promise, send, show, wish, teach, do, make, find等等。例如:

I gave that little girl a beautiful doll.I gave a beautiful doll to that little girl.

若指物的直接宾语是代词,则要将指人的间接宾语后置。

I gave it to her. 或 I gave it to that little girl.

Mary left it for him. 或 Mary left it for Johnny

间接宾语后置时,若谓语动词与宾语之间能直接承受,就用to; 若不能直接承受就用for.

I lent some money to her. I bought some books for him.

5 及物动词的“类双宾语结构”中的人与事

有些动词也有两个宾语一个指人一个指事,却不能完全满足上述双宾语结构,或不是用介词to或for来把间接宾语后置,用了其它介词。比如说:

I’ll play you a game of chess.I’ll play a game of chess with / against you.

I asked him a favor.I asked a favor of him.

这类情况为数不少,有必要从规律、规则上入手去总结这些语法现象,以便学习者记忆和掌握,并最终灵活自如地运用。由于它们类似双宾语的结构特点,因此称之为“类双宾语”现象。现分类例举来说明其用法。

(1)用介词of 将间接宾语后置

这类动词常见的有:ask, rob等。

ask somebody something, ask something of somebody请求某人某事

例如:I asked him a favor. I asked a favor of him. 我请他帮忙。

rob somebody something, rob something of somebody抢劫某人某物

例如:The tall boy robbed me a watch. The tall boy robbed a watch of me.

那高个男孩儿抢了我的手表。

(2)用介词of 将直接宾语后置

这类动词常见的有: inform, cure, remind等。

inform somebody of something, 通知某人某事

例如:Please inform me of fresh developments.请通知我最新进展情况。

cure somebody of something, 治愈某人某病/坏习惯

例如:Parents must cure our children of bad habits.父母必须纠正孩子们的坏习惯。

remind somebody of something, 提醒某人某事;使某人想起某事

例如:This reminds me of what we did together during our holiday.

这使我想起我们在假期一块儿做的事情。

(3)用介词to或for将间接宾语后置,但却要用with将直接宾语后置。

这类动词常见的有:present, provide, supply等。

provide somebody with something, provide something for/to somebody提供某人某物

例如:We provide our children with food and clothes.

We provide food and clothes for our children.我们供给孩子们衣食。

supply somebody with something, supply something to somebody 提供某人某物

例如:The company supplies gas to domestic consumers.

The company supplies domestic consumers with gas .公司供给瓦斯给用户。

present somebody with something, present something to somebody 赠送某人某物

例如:The boss presented the village with a bus-shelter.

The boss presented a bus-shelter to the village .

这位老板赠送一座公共汽车车亭给村庄。

(4)指人的名词不管是前置还是后置,前边要有介词to。若指事的宾语在后,常用从句。

这类动词常见的有:explain, interpret,say 等。

explain to somebody something, explain something to somebody 向某人解释某事

例如:Please explain the problem to me.

Please explain to me what the problem is.请将此问题解释给我听。

interpret to somebody something, interpret something to somebody 向某人解释某事

例如:The teacher is interpreting the difficult sentence to the class.

老师正在给学生解释这个难句。

The teacher is interpreting to the class that the sentence is difficult.

老师正在给学生解释这个句子是个难句。

say to somebody something, say something to somebody对某人说某事

例如:we say hello to each other when we meet.

we say to each other hello when we meet.我们在见面时彼此说hello。

(5)用介词on将间接宾语后置,但却要用with将直接宾语后置。

impress something on somebody, impress somebody with something使某人牢记某事

例如:She impressed me with her sincerity.

She impressed her sincerity on me. 她的诚实给我留下了深刻的印象。

(6)其他情况

promise somebody to do something承诺某人做某事

例如:He promised me to buy a bike. 他承诺我要买一辆自行车。

有人认为这是复合宾语,但实际上,promise和buy a bike这两个动作的发出者都是主语he,所以这不应是复合宾语结构,是类双宾语结构。

6 主动表被动结构中动词涉及的人与事

(1)有些及物动词可用作不及物动词,说明主语(通常是物)内在的性质特征,用主动形式表被动意义。常见动词有:act, clean, count, draw, read, sell, wash, wear, etc. 如:

The book sells well. The skirt will wear long. Meat cuts easily.

(2)动词require, need, want, deserve等表“需要,有必要”且主语是物时,须后续动名词主动式或不定式被动式,都表被动意义。如:

My shoes want/ need/ require mending. My shoes want/ need/ require to be mended.

7 结束语

动态动词的人事关系十分复杂,上面仅就常见常用类作一小结,以供大家参考,还有一些类型可能未被总结出来,例举也不够详尽,不妥之处难免,望广大教育工作者提出批评,修正和补充意见,本人将不胜感激。

参考文献

[1] 张修富,杨凤林.A Course In Practical English Grammar.西南师范大学出版社.

[2] 任志鸿.New Design Series.优化设计系列丛书. 学苑出版社.

[3] 刘锐诚.A Practical Guide to English Grammar.中国青年出版社.

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