如何做“动词填空”题

“动词填空”题在中考英语试题中占有一定的比重,其目的是考查学生综合运用学过的动词时态､语态及非谓语动词形式的能力｡这种题型通常要求考生根据题干的意思,用所给动词的适当形式填空｡

动词可分为限定动词和非限定动词｡作谓语用的限定动词涉及到时态和语态问题｡非限定动词包括动词不定式､动名词和分词｡要做好这类题目就必须熟记动词的各种形式和用法｡笔者拟从三个方面对这个问题加以说明｡

一､ 确定谓语动词的时态有以下几种方法:

1. 根据句中所出现的时间状语来确定句子中的谓语动词的时态｡下面列举一些常与各种时态连用的时间状语:

一般现在时:sometimes, often, usually, always, every day/week/month/year, once a day/week/month/year, how often等;

现在进行时:now, at present等;

一般过去时:yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening, last night/week/month/year, the day before yesterday, just now, a moment ago, two months ago, in 2000, after three days, half an hour later, at that time等;

过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday, at eight last night等;

一般将来时:tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening, next day/Sunday/week/month/year, in an hour, soon, how soon等;

过去将来时:the next day/week/month/year/term, soon, in no time等;

现在完成时:for a week, for a long time, these days, during/in the past/last ten years, many times, so far, recently, just, already, yet, ever, never, since..., how long等;

请用下列各题括号内所给动词的适当形式填空｡

① My elder brother is very busy. He often________(come) home late.

② ―Where’s Tom?

―He________(do) his lessons in the next room.

③ My grandfather________(join) the Party in 1953.

④ It________(rain) at this time yesterday afternoon.

⑤ I________(be) sixteen years old next year.

⑥ He said he________(finish) the work the next day.

⑦ We________(know) each other since 1999.

⑧ We________(learn) five English songs by the end of last term.

Key: ① comes② is doing③ joined④ was raining⑤ will be

⑥ would finish⑦ have known⑧ had learned

2. 根据上下文来推测动作发生的时间,并以此来确定谓语动词的时态｡例如:

① Listen! Mary________(sing) an English song in the next room.

② Don’t make any noise. The baby________(sleep).

③ ―When________ we________(visit) the Great Wall?

―Next Sunday.

④ ―How many times________ you________(be) to New York?

―Only once. I went there in 1998.

⑤ ―Your phone number again? I________(not catch) it.

―It’s 9563442.

⑥ I don’t think Jim saw me; he________ just________(look) into space.

⑦ It________(rain). You’d better stay at school.

[答案与简析] ① 从祈使句 “Listen!”可悟出“玛丽正在唱歌”,故谓语动词用现在进行时,空白处应填is singing｡ ② 题干中第一句表示说话人要求对方不要吵闹,暗示了后一句中婴儿“正在睡觉”,谓语动词应用现在进行时,故空白处应填is sleeping｡ ③ 根据题干答语可以确定问句的谓语动词应用一般将来时,故空白处应填will/shall, visit或are, going to visit｡ ④ 从题干答语“Only once(只到过一次)”可以看出,问句的谓语动词应用现在完成时,故空白处应填have, been｡ ⑤ 由题干第一句中的again一词可以推断,讲话人原已打过一次电话,只是“我”没听清楚,故谓语动词的时态应为一般过去时,空白处应填否定形式didn’t catch｡ ⑥ 题干的意思应为”我想吉姆当时没看到我,因为他正在凝望天空“,因此题干第二分句的谓语动词应用过去进行时,故空白处应分别填was, looking｡ ⑦ 由题干第二句的意思“你最好呆在学校里”可以推测,第一句的意思应为“天正在下雨”,谓语动词应用现在进行时,故空白处应填is raining｡

3. 根据主句和从句谓语动词所表示的动作的先后来确定动词的时态｡例如:

① When I reached Wuhan, it________(rain).

② Mother________(fall) asleep before I came back home.

③ I________(work) in this school since I came to Beijing.

④ When we got to the station, the train________ already________(leave).

[答案与简析] ① 本题题干中的时间状语从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,主句谓语动词所表示的动作正在进行,即用过去进行时,故空白处应填was raining｡ ② 本题题干中主句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在从句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,主句谓语动词应用过去完成时,故空白处应填had fallen｡ ③ 本题题干中主句谓语动词所表示的动作应为从“我”来到北京开始一直持续到现在的动作,应用现在完成时,故空白处应填have worked｡ ④ 本题题干中从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在过去,而主句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在“过去的过去”,故空白处应分别填had, left｡

4. 根据时态呼应规则来确定谓语动词的时态

1) 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,一般情况下,从句的谓语动词须用相应的过去时态;但若从句表示的是客观事实或真理时,谓语动词应用一般现在时｡例如:

① He told us that he________(leave) home the next day.

② She asked me if I________(be) to Japan before.

③ Tom said that he________(like) playing football.

④ The teacher told that the earth________(go) round the sun.

Key: ① would leave② had been③ liked④ goes

2) 在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中,如主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,从句的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间｡例如:

① When I get to the United States, I________(write) to you.

② I will ring you up as soon as he________(come) back.

③ We’ll go to the park if it________(not rain) tomorrow.

Key: ① will write② comes③ doesn’t rain

二､ 根据固定搭配或习惯用法来选择动词的适当形式

1. 在主动语态中, let, make, have等使役动词或see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词作谓语时,其后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to｡例如:

① Let me________(have) a try.

② The boss made me________(work) from morning till night.

Key: ① have② work

2. ask, tell, invite, get, order, want, allow等指令类动词作谓语动词时,作宾语补足语的动词不定式应带to｡例如:

① The teacher asked the students________(study) hard.

② He told me________(come) here earlier.

Key: ① to study② to come

3. enjoy, finish, mind, keep(on), can’t help, be worth, be busy, feel like, how/what about等词语后面可接动名词(短语)作宾语｡例如:

① Would you mind________(open) the door?

② I was busy________(write) a report last night.

Key: ① opening② writing

4. hear, see, watch, notice等感官动词既可接不带to的动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语,也可接现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语｡前者表示发生过的动作,指已完成的动作的全过程;后者表示一个正在进行的动作或重复性的动作｡例如:

① We heard the girl________(sing) an English son in the next room this morning.

② When I walked past her room I heard the girl________(sing) an English song.

Key: ① sing② singing

5. forget, remember, try, stop, go on等(短语)动词既可接动词不定式(短语)也可接动名词(短语),但含义不同: forget to do sth意为“忘记要做某事”,而forget doing sth意为“忘记曾经做过某事”; remember to do sth意为“记得要做某事”,而remember doing sth意为“记得曾经做过某事”;try to do sth意为“尽力/努力去做某事”,而try doing sth意为“试着做某事”; stop to do sth意为“停下正在做的事,去做另外一件事”,其中的动词不定式(短语)作目的状语,而stop doing sth意为“停止做某事”,其中的动名词(短语)作stop的宾语; go on to do sth意为“干完一件事接着去干另外一件事”,而go on doing sth意为“继续做同一件事”｡例如:

① When the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped________

(talk).

② After working for an hour they stopped________(have) a rest.

Key: ① talking② to have

6. want, hope, wish, learn, plan, agree, promise, decide等动词可以接动词不定式(短语)作宾语｡例如:

① I hope________(fly) to Shanghai next week.

② The teacher wants________(tell) us a story about Japan.

Key: 1. to fly2. to tell

7. 注意下面几种句式或结构中动词的非谓语形式:

① It’s time(for sb) to do sth.② It’s very kind/nice/good ofto do sth.③ It takes(sb) some time to do sth.④ Why not do sth?⑤ Would you please do sth?⑥ find it... to do sth⑦ ...had better(not) do sth⑧ ...would liketo do sth⑨ ...too... to do sth⑩ ...enough to do sth｡例如:

① I find it important________(learn) a foreign language.

② The boy is old enough________(join) the army.

③ It’s dangerous there. You’d better________(not go).

Key: ① to learn② to join③ not go

三､ 确定谓语动词的正确语态

我们可以根据句子的主语和谓语动词之间的主动和被动关系来确定谓语动词的语态｡一般来讲,若句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者,那么谓语动词要用主动语态;若句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者,那么谓语动词要用被动语态｡注意不及物动词或不及物的短语动词没有被动语态｡例如:

① This kind of radio________(make) in Shanghai.

② Many tall buildings________(build) in the last few years.

③ This cup________(break) by Tom yesterday.

Key: ① is made② have been built③ was broken.