中国体育史钩沉

时间:2022-07-06 07:57:43

中国体育史钩沉

Recreation in China includes vadous types of games, sports, and leisure activities. The Chinese are well known for their traditional games, sports, and hobbies, though, old and modem forms of recreation can be observed throughout the country. Due to the great emphasis placed on exercise and achievement by the government, recreation plays a significant role in Chinese culture and in their everyday lives.

The Chinese are extremely well known for their unique and traditional board, card, and children's games.Traditional board games such as Weiqi (also known as Go), Chinese chess, and Mahjong have been around for hundreds of years and are regularly seen played by the Chinese along streets and throughout parks.

The Chinese government instills confidence and determination in its people making them the best possible people and athletes they can be. The athletes who come from China and represent their country in worldwide competitions such as the Olympics almost always excel in every sport.They also exhibit an extreme amount of effort and dexterity along with undeniable determination.

Almost all sports are popular in China due to the large number of people living there and each person's personal preference. The three most popular sports participated in are table tennis, soccer, and martial arts.

Martial arts are extremely popular throughout China. One major type is Taijiquan that is always held in the early hours of the morning. The purpose for the exercise is to help regulate breathing and to help soothe the mind, body, and soul.

The most popular leisure time activities in China include visiting the country's cities and historical monuments,going to movies, the ballet or opera as well as attending acrobatic acts, which often attract many people. Now well-off Chinese turn to more fashionable sports like yoga,body-shaping, skiing, golf and outdoor exploration.

现代竞技体育起源于西方,最初,是随着列强的坚船利炮来到中国的。19世纪中期到20世纪上半叶,来到中国的传教士,军人,商人越来越多,同时也带来了各自国家的体育活动。由于不平等条约等各种历史原因,这些外国侨民生活在自己特定的生活区。没有战火的纷扰,在使馆区、租界,他们开始开展竞技体育活动,创设体育组织,建设运动场所,进行体育竞赛,并在教会学校中开设体育课程。

当时的上海是外侨们进行体育活动最热闹的城市,已经有了室内保龄球、跑马、划船、板球、足球、马球、赛跑等体育项目。

在北京,随着基督教青年会在北京活动的开展,很多西方体育项目也进入,并溶入到中国的人群当中。青年会没有体育课程,只在课外开展体育活动。于是青年会创办了很多学校体育班,然后到学校之间进行体育比赛。他们创办了中国最早的田径比赛。1895年前后,北京的汇文、协和书院还开展了棒球运动,组织了棒球队,同时还开展了墙球、网球。足球等运动,篮球项目也在北京的一些教会学校中开展起来。

而西方竞技体育的引入,也让中国传统体育的观念和训练方式受到挑战。它使古代中国体育转变为包容了传统体育和近代西方体育两大内容的新体育构成体。例如一些武林高手开始醒悟并借鉴西方的手段来改造传统体育。他们甩掉武林中帮派林立、以强凌弱的恶习,努力脱离江湖的习气,力图将武术竞技与发掘人的体能,以及修身养性、陶冶情操结合起来。

中国近代体育不仅起步较晚,而且几乎所有重大的国内外比赛均由外国人主管。20世纪20年代初,随着反帝斗争的影响和运动竞赛活动的增多,中国教育界和体育界逐步发出了从外国人手中收回运动竞赛主办权的呼声。1924年8月,体育界人士借体育改进社在南京举行年会之际,宣布成立中华全国体育协进会(简称“全国体协”)。董事会15人,全部为中国人。

1931年国际奥委会正式承认全国体协为中国的国家奥委会,作为正式的全国性体育组织和中国奥委会,成立之初。先是暂借上海申报馆作为临时办公处,后又租用上海法租界运动场作为临时办公处。直至抗战爆发后的数年内,其会址仍是漂移不定。全国体协成立后,先后加入了远东体育协会、国际足球联合会、国际业余游泳联合会、国际草地网球联合会及国际体操联合会等国际组织。

1927年,南京国民政府参照西方一些国家的做法,成立了全国体育指导委员会。在这个基础上,1932年10月教育部体育委员会成立,成为主管全国学校体育的机构,“设计指导督促全国体育之职”。1940年教育部公布了各级学校体育实施方案,内容包括经费设备、体育运动比赛及表演等。

随着西方近代体育的传入,由国人集资、民间捐款、政府出资兴建的各类体育场馆也不断增加。1933年在南京建成了中央运动场,1935年在上海兴建了包括田径场、体育场、游泳馆在内的大型体育场所。

改革开放后,中国传统体育运动拥有了越来越多的机会向各国人民展示其独特魅力。最具代表性的就是中国武术的广为传播,让全世界的人们领略了“中国功夫”的奥妙所在。更多来自海外的“中国功夫”爱好者接踵而来。

纵观20世纪中国体育运动与西方体育运动的交流与融合,主要还是中国体育运动对西方体育运动的接纳与吸收,我国的体育运动,体育文化对西方国家的影响和作用还没有充分地显现出来。

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