英文科学论文范文
时间：2023-10-04 00:23:29
英文科学论文篇1
华师一英语学科教研活动是一大特色。常规的集体备课是老师们相互交流的时间，在这其中不乏有好的教学设计、新想法、新做法经过思想的碰撞被激发出来。通过这样的交流，整个团队的教学能力倍增，学生也因此受益无穷。“讲一听十”能有效的落实，需要老师对每节课有点评、有反思、有小结。所谓“听一讲十”是要求每一位老师，不论资历深浅，在每一个学期必须最少要讲一节公开课，听十节公开课，以达到互相学习，互相提高的目的。平时总是有老师抱怨我们学习其他老师的机会太少，没有外出参观学习的安排，其实我们身边就有很多先进的做法，自己也有不断上升的空间。因此，“讲一听十”是我们每一个学期的教学教研的一个常态化活动。“以老带新”工程使全校老师成为一个和谐的整体。每一个青年老师必须要拜一个资深的老师为师，俗称“结对子”。老师对徒弟的备、教、改、导各环节全程跟踪。如，某一节课应采用什么方式导入，哪些应为重点，哪些应是难点，第二节课是以复习开始，还是以某个话题或故事开始，以什么形式收尾，都要经过精心的准备和研讨才可以上课。新老教师通过结对子互相学习，青年教师能很快成长，年长教师也可以从青年教师那里学到信息处理、云技术应用等新知识。同时，我们的教学教研也惠及远方。海南分校，深圳分校的老师来校研修，咸宁、恩施、浠水等地教师的跟班学习都收获良多。我本人及我组其他六位老师也被聘请为华中师大教育硕士校外导师，对华中师大的本科生、研究生的成长也做出了应有的贡献。英语组积极推行教学改革，构建适合每个学生发展的课程体系，探索激发每个学生学习潜能的教学方式，创造激励每个教师发展的教育机制。华师一的英语教学特别重视学生动力的激活，重视学生能力的培养。老师们都不是按部就班地讲课，而是想法设方地整合教材内容、调整教学内容、力求语料新颖。每个老师都强调语言学习最重要的是跟语言充分地接触，包括进行广泛阅读、日常会话和适量写作等。华师一英语课堂从学生的需要出发，以提升学生的英语能力而不是单纯的应试成绩为目标。通过根据自己班级的特点开展课前十分钟活动（课前演讲、每日一歌等），学生们不仅增进了学习英语的兴趣和各方面的能力，而且还摸索出了自己学习英语的方法，锻炼口语、提升自信。以课题带动教学也是我们的特色。在我们英语教研组，课题研究参与的人多，研究的层面广，对教材、教法、学生等各方面都有探究，老中青年教师都有参加。
二、课堂之外
“学以致用”是我校英语校本课程开发和建设的目标。改革传统教学模式，为学生营造一个良好的英语学习氛围，培养学生敢于、善于开口说英语的习惯，在交往实践中激发学生学习英语的兴趣。为此，我们开展了丰富多彩的课外活动。
（1）丰富多彩的选修（戏剧表演选修、影视听说、英美通俗文化等）针对不同的学生。如，我们每年选派很多老师去国外交流，我们感到英语国家的人口语很特别，我们的选修课包括“英美怎么骂人，怎么吵架，怎么说上厕所，怎么赞美他人”等很受学生欢迎。很多学生在看英美大片时往往一知半解，但通过我们的影视听说课，学生的学英语的兴趣起来了，听说的水平提高了。我们将课本中的故事改编成戏剧，让选修班的同学进行表演，极大的改变了课文干巴巴甚至晦涩难懂的状态。
（2）每周定期的英语角活动、配音比赛、短剧表演、英语演讲、各班的“英语日”培养了学生的能力和自信。我校的外教比较多（每年超过十人），来校实习的大学生、研究生也很多，利用这些有利条件，我们开展了形式多样的课外活动。如：“英语日”就是让学生有一个能说敢说英语的机会，我们在班级、年级、全校开展“英语日”活动，即：在某一天同学之间只能用英语交流，不可以说中文。
（3）英语知识竞赛、书法比赛、英语杂志的编写丰富了学生的生活。结集出版的英语诗歌、报纸在校内外很有市场，我们定期出版了英语期刊Shoots等。种种活动使学生运用英语的能力得到了质的提高，他们普遍能用英语自如地表达自己的思想和情感。同时，在各种场合上表现得落落大方、彬彬有礼，这种卓尔不凡的表现源自于长期的训练有素和自信。我们追求的不是学生考得最好，而是学生的能力最强。因为我们始终明白语言的本质是什么。
英文科学论文篇2
论文摘要:语言与文化密切相关，在大学英语教学中通过给学生适时适量介绍英美国家文化、英语众多变体文化及合理处置本土与异域文化的关系，引起非英语专业工科学生对跨文化意识的注意，帮助学生在以英语为媒介的跨文化交际中正确使用语言，从容应对文化差异。
“跨文化交际”这个概念是从英文的“intercultural communication”或“cross—cultural communication”翻译过来的，指的是不同文化背景的个人之间的交际，即本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际。以前，这主要是文化人类学、民族学所关心、研究的问题，随着信息时代的发展，更随网络的诞生，人类生活的距离变得越来越小，中国的崛起吸引了全球的眼光，这一切使得中外文化交流空前频繁，跨文化交际也成为我们时代的一个突出特征。
一、语言与文化的关系
按照社会学家和人类学家对“文化”所下的广义的定义，我们所说的“文化”是指一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总模式。语言是文化的一个载体，承载着文化的丰富内涵，是传承文化和传播文化最重要工具，语言也是一个社会群体标记，体现语言使用者的民族文化特性。是语言创造了文化，而文化也影响语言和语言的使用，丰富语言的表达方式。
文化具有鲜明的的民族特征，不同文化之间自然会产生差异，这些差异有宗教、哲学、道德方面的表现，更有世界观和价值观上的表现。文化差异反映到语言上，就成为语言上的差异，这就是语言的文化特性。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚内敛，追求中庸，受到称赞和表彰，必有一番自谦之词或归功于集体，而西方文化中，人们推崇个人至上，追求自由主义，受到赞美和称赞，总是用“Thank you”坦然承受。在中文词汇中，凡涉及“猪”和“狗”的，多数用于贬义，因而有“狗仗人势”、“猪狗不如”的贬义词，而西方文化中，猪是聪明、文雅的象征，狗有忠诚、勇敢的特性，“dog”极少用于贬义，也不会有“stupid pig”的词汇。在英语中，常用狗来比喻普通人的生活和行为，习语“a lucky dog”(幸运儿)、“top dog”(重要的人)、“my old dog”(我的老朋友)、“love me， love my dog”(爱屋及乌)、“Every dog has his day”(每个人都有自己的好时候)等等。这里举的例证并不证明不同文化的孰优孰劣，只是说明语言的文化特性。在当今时代，随着文化交流的加强，不同文化会相互渗透与融合，形成了大量的外来语词汇和局部族群的语言变体，如黑人英语(Black English)、墨西哥英语(Chicago English)和亚洲美国英语(Asian-American dialects)等，这些也都说明语言的文化特性。在跨文化交际中，语言的使用一定要遵循文化的特性，否则对方可能不了解你要表达的意思，甚至会因误解而产生误会。
二、英语教学与跨文化交际
英语教学不仅要传授英语语言知识，更重要的是要培养学生的交际能力，培养他们应用英语进行跨文化交际的能力，从这个意义出发，可以将英语教学看作是跨文化教育的一环。虽然现在跨文化教育得到重视，跨文化意识加强，但十几年应试教育下我们的学生普遍存在如下三个方面的问题:一是把学习语法和词汇当作英语学习的全部。实际上，语法和词汇只是语言学习的基础，不是语言的全部。二是学习方法陈旧。学习中只注意词、句的理解，不注重章节。三是语用能力强，文化素养低。只注重口语的训练，忽略语言的文化内涵。这三个方面的问题制约了英语学习的效率，也会影响用英语进行交际的能力。
从前述我们知道，语言承载着文化的丰富内涵，不同的语言承载着不同民族文化的丰富内涵，因而学习一种语言，必须掌握这种语言背后所体现的文化内涵。英语学习也同样需要掌握英美文化的内涵，在英语教学中，单纯的语言学习是枯燥的，而丰富的文化内涵是诱人的。
1·在教学中注重英美文化的导入
桂林工学院已经将《当代英国概况》、《当代美国概况》和《跨文化交际》等课程作为选修课提供给非英语专业的工科学生，这虽然对学生理解英美文化有积极促进作用，也能帮助学生更有效的使用语言，使学生在学习过程中，逐步积累英美民族的发展历史、宗教道德、风俗习俗、人文地理等方面知识，慢慢去了解熟悉英美的文化，用所学语言传承文化和表达文化，让文化融解于语言之中，但教师在英语课教学中积极的导入英美文化也是必不可少的。
当课文内容涉及到Different Ideas aboutFood and Drinks时，可引导学生自己来对比中西方在饮食方面的差异。学生了解有关中国人和西方人饮食习惯的信息是:中国人喜食鸡肉、鱼和海鲜，美国人爱吃牛排;茶在中国和英国都是the na-tional drink (举国饮用的饮料)，但英国人喜欢在茶里加糖、牛奶或柠檬。如果提问学生:“‘红茶’英语怎么说?”学生都不假思索地答道:“red tea”。其实“black tea”才是正确的，学生会感到不可思议。那是因为中国人和英国人着眼点不同，同是茶，我们中国人注意的是茶水的颜色，故称“红茶”;而英国人注意到茶叶本身的颜色是黑的，故称“black tea”。词与词之间的搭配往往是约定俗成的，不能完全用母语的搭配规律套用到英语学习中。
当课文出现music话题时，可以给学生介绍音乐的大致发展历程，介绍音乐的派别和风格。可以着重介绍美国音乐的发展:如何从blues经历country music， jazz， rock music，rap， hip hop发展到现代音乐，特别介绍美国乡村音乐发源地——田纳西州的纳什维尔;并播放几首经典的乡村歌曲，如:约翰·丹佛的《CountryRoad》《TakingMeHome》，卡彭特的《YesterdayOnceMore》和“猫王”埃尔维斯·普莱斯利的《LoveMe Tender》等，在课文背景中出现的有关美国内战知识，可以给学生讲解有关美国内战的起因、背景以及林肯的一些生平轶事，让学生知道美国的历史以及林肯在历史上的影响和地位。再如，在学习Romance这一主题时，不能只停留于表面的故事情节，而且还要引导学生欣赏作者的修辞艺术和表现手法，增强学生的艺术修养和文学水平。
教材里还有很多值得挖掘的文化信息，如:西方节日习俗、中西方对待老人的不同态度、西方人探索自然奥秘的科学精神等等，在学习有关课文时，除了运用“对比法”、多媒体手段以外，还可以采取让学生讨论或上网查找资料等方法，逐一让学生了解。同时，通过这些方法也培养了学生有意识地运用文化背景知识的能力。实践证明，学生的文化背景知识越丰富，理解课文内容的能力就越强，学习英语的信心也就越足。 转贴于
2·揭示词汇的文化内涵
英语词汇在许多方面与汉语词汇存在着不对应现象，除了词汇的本义，还在词汇中蕴涵了丰富的内涵。如你知道“Friday”，而如果你不了解英美民族的宗教背景，不清楚耶稣蒙难的日子，你不会了解“Black Friday”的内涵，更无从理解“Friday face”的意指(意指“愁眉苦脸”)，与此相似的还有“Sunday”，学生了解其文化内涵，也会理解为什么“Sunday”是每周的第一天?为什么“Sunday”要做礼拜?因为没有这样文化背景的汉语词汇“星期五”“星期天”是没有这样内涵的。还有如“Chairman”为什么是“主席”?“Chairman”和“主席”又有何不同?这能从中英两民族的演化进程中得到答案，使学生领悟不同民族在演化进程中所衍生的语言构造的不同。类似的词汇比比皆是，信手拈来都可引出一些典故，教师有丰富的资源可以利用。
3·语法中的文化内涵
每一种语言都有其独特的语法体系，且差异颇大。我们不但要探究其逻辑形式与结构的不同，而且要探究其形成的内在因素，才会发现其中所包涵丰富的文化因子。如汉语说“一块面包”，而英语说“a piece ofbread”，尽管汉语中没有名词单复数的变化，但在概念上“面包”是一个可数名词。在西方，人们把面包当成主食之一，吃的时候把一块面包切成数片，有时还会在面包片上抹上奶油，再佐以煎鸡蛋或一杯牛奶。因而在英语中“bread”是一个不可数名词。再如这样一句:“My knife and fork ismade of silver.”这里的谓语动词怎么用单数形式呢?原来西方人用餐时的礼仪是左手拿刀，右手拿叉，双手齐下。在西方文化中，刀和叉是不可分的用餐工具，是一个整体。因而，句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。
总之，我们应该认识到英语教学中的跨文化教育不是空泛的，实施跨文化教育既是必要的，又是可行的。社会发展也必将使跨越不同文化的人类交流愈加频繁，外语教学的任务就是要培养高素质、有着较深厚文化修养的外语人才。在教学阶段，注重跨文化教育，能增强不同文化的认同感和包容性，从而更好地促进语言和文化的发展，以及不同语言、文化间的交流和沟通。
参考文献:
[1] 许果，梅林·文化差异与跨文化交际能力的培养[J]·重庆大学学报(社科版)， 2007， 8(6)·
[2] 顾江禾·东西方文化对比小议[J]·外国语， 2007， 22(4)·
[3] 华厚坤·试论跨文化语境下的大学英语教学[J]·黑龙江高教研究， 2006， (6)·
[4] 程晓莉·英语跨文化交际教学的思考[J]·安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)， 2006·
英文科学论文篇3
1.培养目标的特殊性。
重视基础、淡化专业分类是培养理科实验班人才的整体思路，努力贯彻“加强基础、淡化专业、因材施教、分流培养”的办学方针，同时充分利用高校学科齐全的优势和丰富的教学资源，进行分阶段式培养，即基础阶段的通识教育和专业培养阶段的分流培养。在基础、能力、素质并重的培养模式下成长起来的学生，既能够适应社会职业需求，又可以成为研究生教育的高素质生源。理科实验班的目的是培养具有良好的科学素养和较强的创新能力的学生，培养富有创新精神和竞争能力的高素质人才。
2.培养模式的特殊性。
目前，我国国内理科实验班多采用“2+X”学制，采用学分制和弹性学制结合的模式。多数高校实验班学制是四年，采取“2+2”培养模式，前2学年为基础强化阶段，后2学年为专业培养阶段。从第3学年开始进行专业分流，根据学校确定的专业范围及容量，以双向选择的方式确定学生转入的专业。基础强化阶段的课程设置体现宽厚的基础知识和学科覆盖面，主要强化对数理化及外语等基础课程的学习，并开设一定的实验、实践类课程，引导学生尽早参加科技创新活动。实验班的主要基础课程和有条件的专业核心课程实行单独组班、小班授课，学校选派教学经验丰富、学术水平高的教师担任主讲教师，并探索实施研究性教学方法的改革。专业培养阶段由所在学院为学生配备教授，担任其专业导师，帮助学生制订个性化的培养方案，负责学生的学业、科研训练、课题研究等指导工作。
二、理科实验班培养要求的特殊性
1.要求更扎实宽厚的学科基础。
随着社会分工不断精细化，社会产业结构不断调整，社会职业需求会不断发生变化。要在职场中适应这些变化，宽厚的基础知识是必需的，因为基础知识是高等教育的根基。大学生无论选择何种职业，也不管要向哪个专业方向发展，都不能忽视扎实的基础知识。我国高等教育的学科专业划分过细，造成了学生知识结构的封闭和狭隘，无法形成立体式、多向度的联系；眼界不够开阔，难以拓展新的学术空间。科学家贝弗里奇说：“具有有关学科或者甚至边缘学科的广博知识，那么，独创的见解就可能产生。”但对于大多数大学生而言，由于知识结构封闭、狭窄等缺陷，知识与知识间缺少有机联系，无法举一反三，触类旁通，不能产生互补增强的效果。理科实验班在高等教育基础阶段强调宽厚的学科基础，着眼于完善学生知识结构，强化学生的基础知识，重点突出对数学、计算机应用和英语语言能力的培养，这将为今后的拓展性培养提供坚实的基础。
2.要求更强的自主学习能力。
联合国教科文组织在《学会生存》别强调终身教育和学习型社会两个概念。高等教育应强化学生终身学习的意识，侧重培养学生终身学习的能力。因而，我国高校也开始重视探索自主学习的培养模式，并注重营造自主学习环境，培养学生的自主学习能力。理科实验班的教育旨在为社会输送具有创新能力的高素质理工科人才，无论是继续深造，还是进入职场，都不可缺少自主学习能力。学校教育是有限的，推行和实现终身教育的前提是培养学生自主学习的意识、习惯和能力。在信息爆炸的时代，知识更新速度让人们应接不暇，自主学习的意识和能力能够帮助学生更好地适应瞬息万变的社会环境。无论是面对知识更新还是应对分工精细化的社会，高素质人才都能够通过自主学习有效地掌握知识、寻求创新。
3.要求更强的实践创新能力。
社会的发展急需实践能力强、创新能力强的人才，因而教育部多次强调要加强实践教学，要求高校积极推动研究性教学。探索培养学生实践能力和创新能力的途径是目前高等教育改革的重心。理科实验班旨在培养具有更强的实践创新意识和能力的学生。实践创新意识是多种因素综合作用所形成的内在特质，既具有后天可开发和培育的共性，也存在个体差异性。实践创新品质包括实践创新动机、实践创新精神和实践创新思维。实践创新动机是指以创新为目的，通过实践激发和引导学生个体的可持续的内在驱动力；实践创新精神是指学生个体在实践创新活动中所表现出的活力、生气、意志和毅力；实践创新思维是学生个体在实践创新活动中寻求独特的、创造性的问题解决方法。实践创新品质是实践创新能力的核心，只有具备实践创新能力的人，才是真正有竞争力的人。指导学生理论联系实际，培养实践创新能力是理科实验班最重要的教育要求。
三、利用英语教学促进培养目标的实现
1.促进知识结构的完善。
知识结构是知识经济时代影响个人生存能力的最重要的因素之一。就高校学生而言，知识结构更是影响着就业、参与社会竞争的关键因素。理科实验班的英语教学目标是使学生能够熟练掌握并运用英语，这决定了英语教学要使学生能够利用英语进行交流，进行专业学习，甚至科学研究。因此，在基础英语教学中要更多地渗透文化，传播英语国家的文化。在理科实验班的基础英语教学中，需要重视一般社会文化背景的介绍，一是在教学中，要通过知识的传授，渗透英语国家的文化，使学生了解语言差异中蕴含的文化差异。让学生学会在比较中体会文化中的共性和差异性，并逐步提高其对文化差异的体悟和把握能力。二是以体会文化差异的能力为基础，逐步提高学生跨文化交际的能力。同时，在理科实验班的英语教学中，要加强科技英语以及专业英语教学，注重从专业学习、深造以及职业发展的角度提升学生英语应用能力。随着高等教育及科技发展的国际化，专业外语越来越受到高等教育的重视，结合专业课程给学生开设专业英语成为英语教学的重点。对国外科技研究成果和现状的了解离不开专业英语，发挥现有专业知识也离不开专业英语，因此，专业外语课程教学对于理科实验班的学生来说则显得特别重要，基础教育阶段的英语学习将为专业培养阶段的专业外语学习奠定坚实的基础。
2.促进自主学习能力的培养。
自主学习能力的培养是理科实验班的一项特殊培养目标。但是，由于中国文化历来强调集体主义，强调教师的权威性，以及长久以来应试教育和功利主义的影响，导致我们始终没有对学生自主学习能力的培养给予足够的重视，学生和教师都习惯于灌输式的教学模式，自主学习能力普遍较弱。在信息技术高度发达的今天，如果没有较强的自主学习能力，根本无法有效地掌握知识，更谈不上突破创新。基础阶段的英语教学可以通过教学模式和教学方法的改革促进学生自主学习能力的提升。一方面，在读写译课堂教学中，除了加强语言知识的讲解和语言技能的训练外，要着重教给学生自主学习的策略，教会学生学习方法；另一方面，改变视听说课以教师讲解为主的教学方式，采用教师指导下的学生半自主学习模式，教师布置学习任务，指导学生自主控制学习内容、速度，教师提供现场的指导和帮助，实现从被动学习到自主学习的自然过渡。对于学生的课外自主学习，教师应充分发挥指导者、监督者、合作者和促进者的作用，引导学生在自然学习环境和网络学习环境中，寻求适合自己的资源，不断进行自主学习。虽然这种后摄式自主模式还只是一种层次较低的自主学习模式，但它是达到更高层次自主学习的有效过渡手段，利于最终实现从“他主”到“自主”的转变。只要具备了自主学习的意识和能力，理科实验班学生就具备了不断探索、勇于创新的能力。
3.促进实践创新能力的提升。
高校肩负着培养创新型人才的重任，培养创新型人才必须高度重视大学生创新能力的培养。应给理科实验班学生提供参与科学研究的机会，让他们通过科研和实践，把理论与实际相结合，主动发现、分析和解决问题，接受科学研究训练，达到培养学生的实践创新能力的目的。而理科实验班的英语教学也可以在这方面起到重要的助推作用。实践创新能力的核心是创新思维能力，辩证思维是创新思维的本质。无论是公共英语教学还是专业英语教学，都需要教师充分利用教学材料对学生进行思维训练，锻炼培养学生的形象思维和逻辑思维，以及其他思维形式的培养，为学生提供展示其创造性思维能力的机会，开拓学生的思维空间，发挥其想象力和创造力。让学生体会训练过程中的乐趣，改进学习策略，提高学习质量，将创新能力培养融于学生自主学习过程中。英语教学实践创新能力培养模式应激发学生学习的积极性和主动性，精选教学材料，以设置问题的任务型教学为先导，以解决问题的自主学习方式为内容，培养学生发现问题、独立思考问题、分析解决问题的意识和能力，最终促进学生实践创新能力的提升。理科实验班在学制设计、培养方式等方面都有着较大的变革，其经验也为越来越多的高校所借鉴。但在具体培养过程中，很难一蹴而就地突破传统教学的禁锢。人才培养目标的实现需要各个教育环节的改革、创新与配合。在其中扮演着重要角色的英语教学更需要从指导思想、教学模式、教学方法和手段等多方面进行改革、创新，以促进理科实验班培养目标的最终实现。
英文科学论文篇4
关键词： 独立学院 英语专业本科学生 英语学术论文写作 问题
1.引言
严格说来，听、说、读、写、译五个方面的技能在任何一门外语的学习中都处于同等重要的位置，很难说孰重孰轻。若非要进行比较、分个伯仲，在以上几项技能中，写的能力当属最重要。这是因为，写作能力的高低往往会直接决定外语学习中听、说、读、译等技能方面的好坏。英语写作能力强，则有可能直接促进英语听、说、读、译能力的提高。反之，如果一个人的英语写作能力一般，就很难想象其英语的听、说、读、译的水平与能力会好到哪里去。难怪在语言学领域内，有人提出了“一切课程均为写作课。”（All courses are writing courses.）的主张。
作为毕业必要条件的英语毕业论文的写作更能反映学了近四年英语专业课程的英语专业毕业生的综合英语能力。用英语语言撰写毕业论文的写作过程，实际上是英语专业学生大量阅读有关语言学、文学、经贸、跨文化交际、英语学习、翻译实践与理论等选题方向文献背景知识的输入过程。同时，用英语撰写毕业论文的过程是英语专业大四学生输出其近四年专业知识习得的过程，学生过去近四年所学的关于基础英语、英语阅读、英语听力、英语写作、英汉互译、语言学、英语国家与文化等方面的知识，往往在整个毕业论文的撰写过程中得以体现。另外，用英语撰写毕业论文也能反映学生的英语逻辑思维能力和英语语言的组织及表述能力，论文写作的叙事论理过程能很好地体现学生的逻辑思辨能力。可以说，投入近半年时间写成的英语毕业论文能从很大程度上反映英语专业本科学生的英语专业素养。作为英语学术论文写作课程教师和多次同时指导英语专业三本和一本、二本学生撰写毕业论文的导师，笔者发现，相比英语专业一本、二本学生而言，独立学院英语专业本科学生撰写英语英语毕业论文的能力相对薄弱。下面笔者以指导的温州大学瓯江学院17位2010级英语专业本科学生撰写的英语毕业论文为例，窥探独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文撰写能力的现状。
2.英语学术论文写作中存在的种种问题
虽然经历了大一、大二阶段基础英语、英语写作、英语口语、英语写作、英语阅读，以及大三、大四阶段高级英语、笔译、口译、英美文学、英语国家与文化、语言学等课程的学习和熏陶，但是很多即使通过了英语专业八级考试（TEM8）行将毕业的英语专业本科学生在其英语毕业论文写作过程中还是存在大量的错误，有的错误叫人忍俊不禁，有的让人看了会暴跳如雷、不忍卒读。
2.1单词拼写错误
笔者发现，行将毕业的英语专业本科毕业生普遍存无法正确拼写英语单词的困难。一方面，许多学生未能记住不少英语原形动词的正确拼写形式，另一方面，他们往往拿不准一些动词的现在分词形式、过去分词和过去式的正确拼写形式。同时，一些名词的复数、副词和形容词的比较级和最高级的拼写形式也令他们感到头疼。与以往一样，在指导温州大学瓯江学院17位2010级行将毕业的英语专业本科学生撰写英语毕业论文的过程中，笔者花费了大量的时间和精力、一遍又一遍修改他们出现的英语单词拼写错误。以下是学生在Word工具栏下的“拼写和语法”识别功能的帮助下还存在的英语单词拼写错误案例：
（1）As we all known，China is not only a big country with a large population.
（2）Listening，speaking，reading，writting and translation are equally important in learning a foreign language.
（3）The Frist Primary School of Shangcheng town，Longwan detrict，was brought up in September 1949...
（4）It is ture that reading makes a full man.
（5）There many different kinds of problem in the translation.Many causes have contributed to this phenomena.
（6）They never learn a word in deep，what they master just the surface.
（下划线由笔者所加，下同。）
2.2字母大、小写错误
英语单词字母大、小写拼写错误是独立学院英语专业本科毕业生英语毕业论文撰写过程中的又一常见错误。不少学生似乎不知道或者忽视了英语单词字母大、小写的如下规定：每个英语句子的首词首字母始终要大写；专有名词中的实词的首字母要大写而虚词的首字母要小写（位于句首时例外）；普通名词表特指时其首字母要大写；分号后面句子的首词首字母要小写等。举例如下：
（1）As the development of globalization，china’s relation with other countries has become more and more closer ，especially in the area of economy ，culture and technology.
（2）In the late 20th century，western scholars began to further study abbreviations by employing cognitive linguistics，computational linguistics and psychological linguistics.
（3）Translation of Public Signs in Wenzhou city of syntax errors is also a wide range of variety.
（4）As everyone knows，Coca-cola is American famous trademark.In China，it has been translated into“可口可乐”，the transliteration“可口可乐”of the brand name “Coca-cola” not only keep the formal rhythm，but also make customers know what is it when they heard this brand.
2.3英语措辞错误
用恰当的英文词汇表达恰当的意思是英语学术论文写作的一大要求。然而，笔者发现，众多独立学院英语专业本科学生在英文行文措辞方面存在较大困难，往往存在词不达意、犯中式英语的毛病。举例如下：
（1）The translator should pay attention to improve their own professional quality.
（2）At present，Wenzhou city public language translation still exist many problems，such as death problem translation，hard translation and printing，spelling，grammar errors.
（3）There have many different kinds of problem in the translation.
（4）In general English，there are many words often used in our daily life.
（5）Medical English vocabulary is rather large，may be on general dictionary has collected more than 56，000 thousand items.
2.4标点符号使用混乱
标点符号在写作与翻译中的意义与作用非同寻常，对同一句子使用不同的标点符号会使句意相应发生变化。标点符号的使用不当，除会造成误会外，甚至会给自己或他人造成巨大的损失。山东淄博一公司因协议录入失误，点错逗号，从而损失35万元[1]，这一事件便说明了小小标点符号的重大意义。
汉语本无标点，现代汉语中的标点是借用英文标点而来的，在具体使用中又与英文行文标点略有不同。如：汉语的省略号为六点“……”，而英文行文表省略则用三点“…”；汉语中的句号为“。”，而英文则用“.”；汉语有顿号，英文却无，而用逗号取而代之；汉语有书名号，英文则用下划线或斜体字表示作品名；英文直接引语中说话人后用逗号，而汉语却用冒号。另外，汉语中表选择时也不用英文中的“/”符号，而用括号“（ ）”。只有在通晓中、英两种语言文字标点使用原则的前提下，在中英文写作时方不致出现标点使用上的尴尬和错误。然而，笔者发现，独立学院英语专业本科学生在英语毕业论文的撰写过程中存在大量标点符号使用不当的现象。举例如下：
（1）Many English major students want to be a translator in the future，but their translate skill is not so well，their knowledge is not so broaden and the most important is that their vocabulary is small.
（2）People may wonder why it grows so rapidly？
（3）There are a lot of different usages of nouns，all the general terms such as the name of company and team and other proper nouns；
（4）Therefore，a large number of French vocabulary blend into old English，old English lost a lot of inflection，Middle English was formed.
（5）The ancientness mainly put up in the vocabulary usage，it remained and raised a large number of vocabularies which is become the “obsolete words” in British English.
2.5句法错误
英语句法的正确与否在很大程度上直接决定整个英语学术论文的质量高低。英语写作中的句子成分的正确使用、主谓一致、句子衔接、人称照应、时态、语态、语气等，都是英语学术论文写作中应该重点关注的问题。笔者发现，英语句法错误是独立学院英语专业本科学生写作英语毕业论文面临的最大障碍，句法方面的错误可以说俯拾即是。
（1）Search on the Internet，there is only a few information about the definition of the words “unusual meaning”.
（2）When referred to how to illustrate “etiquette”，we can put it into two parts.
（3）From the investigation，the author have found：（1）88% of respondents rate recognized the importance of E-C translation competence in English learning.
（4）We all know that the role of the brand names is complex.It must perform a number of quite different functions satisfactorily.
（5）As China are presenting itself as one of the mayor partner for the world main economies，with much attention attached to different aspects of a real China，the English speaking countries not only interested in the Chinese economy system，but also the cultural background for familiarizing with the Chinese way of thinking and doing things，as the Sunwu has said in his strategy guiding book that if you know your opponent well，you can win a competitive edge and save half your work in gaining a victory，so does in the cooperation between different countries.
（6）So most of time when they do translation，the don’t know how to choose the right meaning of the word，sometimes they use the common meaning of the word，because they just know this one，which lead to the translation is not so pleasure.
（7）However，for people in England，they attached great importance to localism.
3.问题分析
独立学院英语专业本科学生撰写英语毕业论文的能力较为薄弱，这已是不争的事实，其原因可归纳为以下三点。
3.1英语基础薄弱
事实表明，很多独立学院英语专业本科学生在中小学阶段就没有打好英语学习的基础，很多学生还不知道基本的英语句子写作规范、不了解英语单词的分类和大小写要求，未记住众多英语单词的正确拼写形式，更不用说各种词类的语法变化形式，不知晓或不记得英语行文标点符号的写作规范要求。薄弱的基础直接决定了其在撰写英语毕业论文的过程中无法正确地拼写英语词汇、无法正确地遣词造句和准确地使用标点符号，更不用说用正确的英语语句和词汇来进行推理和论证了。
3.2学习方法欠妥
处于信息时代的独立学院英语专业本科学生过多地依赖电子媒体来学习英语，英语专业教师用PPT和其他电子媒介来授课，学生用手机来查英语单词，一切与英语学习的方式都依赖电子媒介和快餐式的教学手段及方式。其结果是学生根本记不住英语单词的拼写形式，不了解英语单词的具体用法，不会运用所学单词正确地遣词造句，记不得各种句法规范。由此独立学院英语专业本科生很多都变成了只会说些不标准的英语，能听懂一些简单的英语对话，而不会用正确的英语进行读写的现代“英语文盲”。
3.3疏于第二课堂的学习
英语并非中国人的母语，这就注定了英语的学习是困难的。要学好英语，就得下工夫提高英语的听、说、读、写、译、唱能力。然而，笔者的调查问卷表明，绝大多数独立学院的英语专业本科学生的第二课堂学习做得不理想，鲜少有学生每天用英文写日记，很少有学生经常用英语与外籍人士交流，没有几位学生坚持每天收听英语广播，几乎没有学生反映他们交了英文笔友，也没有发现有学生喜欢练习演唱英文歌曲，少有学生在课后用笔记法复习英语单词及其用法，没有几位学生有兴趣参加“英语角”并讲英语。独立学院大多数英语专业本科学生的英语基础本身就弱，而后天又疏于第二课堂的学习，从而制约了其英语学术论文写作的能力和水平也就不足为怪了。
4.提高独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文写作能力之我见
改变独立学院英语专业本科学生英语学术论文写作能力和水平薄弱的现状，关键在于学生本人。要提高其英语学术论文写作能力，独立学院英语专业本科学生应做到以下两点。
4.1必须重视第二课堂的学习
笔者发现，独立学院英语专业英语毕业论文写得较好的学生往往都十分重视第二课堂的学习。英语毕业论文撰写过程中的遣词造句、行文表述和叙事论理都与第二课堂的学习密切关联。一位英语毕业论文写作获优秀成绩的学生反映，她坚持每天写英文日记，看到外籍人士就有冲动――想讲英语的冲动，每年都订阅《21世纪》英文报纸等。
的确，坚持写英文日记是学生提高英文写作能力与水平的最可行的途径。大凡文豪或语言大师的语言积累与造化，无不从写日记开始。英语专业本科学生应与以英文为母语的外籍人士交笔友，感受他们原汁原味的文风。还要每天收听半小时的英文广播、观看健康向上的英语电影，以及对报纸刊杂志或笔友的行文造句模仿与吸收到自己再创造，通过持之以恒地练习，从而最终获得成功的喜悦。凡事唯手熟耳，英语学术论文写作能力的提高也不例外。
4.2回归传统笔记学习法
电子媒介在方便英语专业本科学生学习英语的同时，大大制约其英语听、说、读、写、译的能力。很多独立学院英语专业本科学生患上了英语“写失症”，无法准确拼写单词，不能正确运用句法表达思想。有鉴于此，独立学院英语专业本科学生应该回归传统的笔记学习法，每天用笔记忆单词的拼写和用法，记忆句法规范，用笔复习、整理学习的各种语法知识，从而为英语学术论文的撰写打下基础，否则，要写出高水平的英语学术论文将永远是个美梦。
5.结语
英文学术论文的写作涉及面广而宽、精而细。事实上，在英语毕业论文写作过程中，独立学院英语专业本科学生单在英语字、词、句等方面的处理上已存在诸多困难，至于他们对整个论文篇章结构的把控和叙事论理的能力如何就可想而知了。要改善和提高英语学术论文写作能力和水平，独立学院英语专业本科学生应加大第二课堂学习，回归传统笔记学习法。否则，每个英语单词、每个英语句子都需修改的论文指导方式，将永远是对每个英语专业教师健康的伤害。
参考文献：
英文科学论文篇5
[关键词] 医学科研
健康网讯: 4) 讨论部分 总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by pl acing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem, 即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。 具体要求： A． 简要说明研究背景（background） B． 简要介绍总的发现（general findings）； C． 介绍具体要点（introduction of points） D． 与现有发现（若有）进行比较（comparison in the context of other stu dies） E． 意义（suggested meaning） F． 结论（conclusion） G． 前瞻研究（future studies） 结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进 行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力 。此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果（过去时）与分析意见（确 定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时）的区别；他人研究结果（过去时或现在完成 时）与本研究结果（过去时）的区别；普遍适用的结论（现在时）与只适用本研究 的结论（过去时）的其别等。因此，对于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等词（组）的使用以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入 语的使用就显得格外重要。 示例： Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a prima ry source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastr ointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the administration of TPN, including a significantly increased incidenc e of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecyste ctomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder d isease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant ri sks.[说明研究背景，包括意义] Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbla dder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is ass ociated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A revi ew of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is pe rformed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, a nd the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients under the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mo rtality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, we re far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients whose mean age was 29 years. [提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相 比较] Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who requi re long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidi ty associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下，作者用较 大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因， 原文从略] Based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystect omy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obvi ously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystec tomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operations should be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may res ult in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already hig h risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectomy may not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallb ladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patie nts with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the nat ural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is consid erably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Bas ed on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients r eceiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy should be considered, especially in children without stones who are un dergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较 得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容 ] Whether TPN-induced gallston es can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying await s the results of further studies. [前瞻研究] 5） 致谢部分 总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will prese nt the acknowledgement, 即：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。 6) 参考文献 总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既： 根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。 现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下： 1） Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated wi th an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [标准杂志文章] 2） The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical excise stress testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4. [作者是个组织] 3） Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [无作 者名] 4） Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and oc cupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275- 82. [某杂志增刊] 5） Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient a nd the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin G en Surg 1993; 325-33 [无期无卷] 7) 插图说明 总的要求：Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spac ing, starting on a separate page, 既：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有 箭头（arrow）、符号（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这 部分（不是在插图页上）对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。 8）插图 总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即：插图要 按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片。 9）表格 总的要求：A table should be a totally self-contained unit of informatio n, 即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题 、内容和脚注），即使只有一张表格也要标Table 1。 10）照片和说明 总的要求：与7）、8）部分相同。
英文科学论文篇6
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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［7］Oxford, R. L. Variables Affecting Choices of Language Learning Strategies by University Students[M]. Modern Language Journal, 1989:24.
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［9］Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.
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［13］Oxford & O’ Malley. A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: First Year Report[M]. Rosslyn, Va.: Interstate Research Associates, 1987:155.
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［17］文秋芳.英语学习成功之路[M].上海外语教育出版社,2003:54.
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Appendices
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生网上英语口语学习策略调查问卷
一、个人简况
姓名:
性别: A 男 B女
科别： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A内向 B外向
你认为你目前的英语综合水平： A很差 B一般 C优秀
二、网上英语口语学习策略调查
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、上网学习时，我能把握上网学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何上网提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的上网学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我浏览各种英文网站、听英文录音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文视频等，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复观看喜欢的欧美剧，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、在英文网站上遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把上网遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我用金山词霸等网上字典在线查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词 时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、在网络环境中害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、上网学习英语后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语写邮件或聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、通过网上交流很容易在学习上和同学结成朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生非网络状态下英语口语学习策略调查问卷
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、学习时，我能把握学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我参加有利于英语提高的活动，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听英语时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听英语时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复朗读喜欢的英语文章，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我会努力查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、英语聊天时，我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、英语聊天时，当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、英语聊天时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、一番努力学习后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、英语打开新的世界，结交更多的朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
谢谢您的合作!
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《基于网络的英语口语学习策略研究》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
承诺人（签名）： 朱 柳 珠
英文科学论文篇7
步入职业岗位的专业化技术人才是应用性本科院校应当培养出的人才，与一般的本科院校的学生相比更侧重在实用性方面。在对实用性人才培养上需要各个学科认识到应用性本科院校的教育实质，从而向同一个目标而努力。社会需求的日益高涨使以职业需求为导向的教育模式被提出，应用性本科教育实际上是就业教育，而目前出现的“订单式”培养人才的模式就是与应用性本科教育相适应的人才培养模式。构建以职业需求为导向的大学英语课程体系是很有的要的，其重要性不言而喻。通过分析可知，其重要性可分为两方面，第一，我们训练的应用型本科院校毕业生毕业后可以从事特定的职业岗位，应用型本科院校教育所强调的就是以职业需求为导向的大学教育。对于英语学科来说，重要在于要求我们高职大学毕业生毕业后能够熟练的应对以后与英语相关的工作。第二，构建以职业需求为导向的大学英语课程体系在提高学生的英语学习兴趣具有重要意义，在英语课堂中尽量让学生应用英语进行交流使学生感受在实际工作中应用英语的感觉，逐渐累积知识从而英语的实际应用能力。帮助学生早日就业，提高学生毕业后的综合职业竞争力。
二、以职业需求为导向的应用性本科院校大学英语教学改革与实践
（一）以满足职业需求为目标改革教学内容
大部分应用性本科院校的英语教学内容都是对高中知识的延续，即多以英语语言知识教学为主，缺乏与专业知识相关的语言技能训练。英语教学内容与职业岗位所需能力不适应，这也是我国当前应用性本科院校的英语教学的一大问题，在应用性本科教育的英语教学工作中，应当围绕专业技术需求进行教学才是根本。教学内容体系必须以工作项目为导向进行设计，以提高学生职业英语能力为基础，建立起全面化的应用型本科院校大学英语课程体系。针对不同专业选用不同的英语教材来满足学生的职业需求。课程内容体系大致可分为两方面：一方面是强调学生英语基础交际能力的培养，另一方面则是加强对社会人才需求的把握，从而满足学生的职业需求为出发点，针对学生所学专业的特点开设不同的英语课程，如计算机英语、汽修英语、旅游英语和酒店英语等等。从而全面提高学生英语交际能力与专业技能水平。
（二）以提高职业能力为目标改革教学方法
现今的大学英语教学依旧处于应付考试的为目的的阶段，英语教师所用的教学方法较为单一，一般是使用的词汇、语法、翻译教学方法。此外，教师和教学设施短缺、合班授课等导致英语教师难以全方面的兼顾到学生之间的个体差异性，而个人或小组讨论式课堂教学以目前形势来看很难实现。这是不利于学生的语言应用能力以及合作精神和创新能力的培养。因此，改革教学方法迫在眉睫。改革英语教学首先可从教学形式的改革入手，强化英语与网络多媒体教学形式相结合，注重课堂内容的拓展，支持学科间的交流和资源共享，以推进英语教学更全面的实施。此外，高校还可利用网络将教师、企业、学生联系在一起，全方位实现以职业需求为导向的应用性本科院校大学英语教学。其次，建立“以学生为中心”的英语教学理念，围绕一个特定的语言交流在教学项目，设计一个具体的、可操作的、与学生专业有关的学习任务，学生在完成英语学习任务的过程中，教师应多于学生交流，引导学生去发现问题、解决问题。通过这种学习方式让所有的学生都参与到学生活动中来，学生在完成学习任务中产生成绩感，从而激发学生学习英语的兴趣。项目教学法的实施引导学生在课后积极、主动的寻找英语资料，共同完成小型项目，强化学生的自主学习能力和语言应用能力的同时提高学生的创造性思维，加强学生独立思考、与人交往、应变能力等，最终提高学生的英语专业能力。最后，组织丰富的课外英语学习活动，如：模拟商务合同建立合作关系、产品目录、口头自我介绍等等提高学生的英语综合能力。
（三）强化“双师型”师资队伍建设
“双师型”教师队伍建设对人应用性人才培养而言是有益的，但在建设“双师型”队伍上却绝非易事。首先，教师队伍建设的重点在于教师，提高教师队伍的整体水平是提高教学质量的保障。学校可结合英语专业的特点进行特殊化教学，英语教师的特长不应该仅仅局限在英语专业，还可以向其他学科发展。院校可定期组织教师下到单位中，参与真实的工作环节，了解到业内的最新动态，收集到行业的发展信息。通过这种方法，教师在设计教案时可了解在学生未来的工作中可能会发生的问题，更好的对教案进行设计，为学生掌握职业或职位要求英语应用能力奠定基础。改革英语教学首先可从教学形式的改革入手，强化英语与网络多媒体教学形式相结合，注重课堂内容的拓展，支持学科间的交流和资源共享，以推进英语教学更全面的实施。此外，高校应为教学创建良好的学习环境，链接教师和学生，让他们共同讨论学生将来的专业方向和职业发展。通过这一方式英语教师可了解到更多与专业相关的知识，完善课堂授课。
英文科学论文篇8
关键词 商务英语学 学科概念 学科定位
中图分类号：G718.5 文献标识码：A
1商务英语学科的概念定义
近五十年来，我国大部分高校都陆续开展国际商务英语的教学和研究。丰富的教学实践已让许多学者著作了关于商务英语教学法的研究文章。但笔者发现对商务英语学科体系理论的研究成果却不多。其间主要原因是因为商务英语学是一个近年来才得以“正名”的新兴交叉性学科，学界对是否将商务英语学作为一个独立的学科研究产生了不少争议。语言学者与经济学者各自提出了学理依据，不遑相让。笔者认为，商务英语学是既具备英语语言的特征，又有着国际商务的特征，顺应时代需要而出现的交叉性新兴学科。作为一个独立学科研究其学科的定位特性、逻辑起点和结构、理论体系，学科发展等问题现已名正言顺。这对商务英语学科的建设也是十分必要的。
欲探讨商务英语的学科定位和学科发展，必先确立该学科的概念定义。那么什么谓之商务英语学呢？定义商务英语学科概念的前提是对商务英语的涵义有充分的了解。所谓商务英语，是指在诸如国际贸易、国际营销、国际金融等领域中从事国际商务活动时所使用的英语语言，它承载着企业商务文本或学术商务文本的信息。除语言本义外，商务英语还可指为大学本科生开设的商务英语专业以及独立的商务英语学科。
商务英语学是一门研究商务英语教育规律、教学规律以及在跨文化商务交际中使用的英语规律的独立学科。作为一种语言实践，商务英语与经济活动密切相关，它是在跨文化商务交际中不同语言集团的商品与服务交换中所使用的英语。因此，商务英语的知识体系由各个不同领域的知识组成，彼此之间互有交叉点。
2商务英语学科的定位思考
将商务英语作为一门独立的学科研究，必先澄清其学科名称、确立其学科属性（学科定位和特性），方才名正言顺。尽管作为新兴交叉性学科，整个商务英语学科尚在不断搭建框架、夯实内容中，其间由于学科本身的交叉性而引来争鸣不断，学界对商务英语的理论体系的建设和探索却从未间断。笔者坚信在学界同仁的共同努力下，商务英语发展成一门成熟的独立学科指日可待。商务英语学终将名至实归。
目前学界对于商务英语的学科定位已达成其交叉性的共识，但仍就其学科归属产生三种分歧。这三种分歧分别来自语言学、经济学和管理学三方的观点。（吕世生，2013：19）产生三种分歧的主要原因来自对商务英语学科研究对象的界定。从上文商务英语的概念定义中我们可以界定商务英语的研究对象应是跨文化商务交际中所使用的英语。由此，商务英语的学科门类归属已非常明确，它属于语言学下外国语言文学（一级学科）下的二级学科。明确的商务英语学科定位是确立商务英语学科发展方向的基石，它为后续的商务英语专业建设和课程设置服务。
商务英语学可下分宏观商务英语学和微观商务英语学两个分支学科。宏观商务英语学是商务英语学下研究商务英语教育、商务英语教育和国际商务实践之间的关系以及商务英语学与国际商务学之间的关系的一个分支学科。宏观商务英语学是一个相对微观商务英语学的概念，它们分别从两个不同的角度阐述商务英语学。从宏观层面出发，宏观商务英语学的研究对象是国际商务英语教育；通过运用宏观研究的方法论，研究商务英语教育规律和教学方法。具体来说，宏观商务英语学的研究内容包括商务英语教育的方针政策、目标学制、发展规模、教师结构、投入成本等。在此基础之上，研究商务英语教育和国际商务实践之间的关系、商务英语教育对国际商务实践的影响以及商务英语教育在国民经济发展中的地位和作用也属于宏观商务英语学的研究范畴。微观商务英语学是商务英语学的另一个分支分科。它主攻研究商务英语教学，以及商务主体和商务英语客体之间的关系；同时还研究取得商务英语最佳教学效果的教学方法。微观商务英语学主攻科学系统地研究剖析商务英语教学和实践的规律。从微观层面出发，微观商务英语学的研究对象是国际商务英语教学的各方各面，包括课堂教学、实践教学、社会机构和公司的商务英语培训等活动。
从体系结构上来可分，英语可下分商务英语、文学英语、科技英语三大板块。本文主要谈的是商务英语学科建设，所以下文着重剖析商务英语下的划分。商务英语可继续下分普通商务英语、专业商务英语、公共商务英语、应用商务英语和理论商务英语几个分支。首先来谈下普通商务英语和专业商务英语两者的关系。普通商务英语指在国际商务领域所使用的商务英语。专业商务英语指在国际商务的某个特定分支中所应用的商务英语实践和理论。两者的关系是重叠的，即普通商务英语涵盖专业商务英语。普通商务英语是一个宏观大概念；专业商务英语可根据不同的应用领域具体下分为：贸易英语、金融英语（包括银行英语和证券英语）、市场英语、会计英语、海关英语、航运英语、物流英语和法律英语等。其次，公共商务英语是为非英语专业高年级学生开设的。学生在完成一、二年级通识类大学英语课程后在三、四年级所选修或必修的普通商务英语或专业商务英语。第三，应用商务英语作为商务英语学的另一个分支，它应用商务英语的原理来研究英语在国际商务领域实践的规律，以及应用该规律在商务英语教学和实践中的指导。应用商务英语更侧重梳理商务英语学理论和原则在指导商务英语教学和实践中的规律，制定方针、政策、解决问题、总结经验和教训。最后也是最重要的商务英语学下的另一分支――理论商务英语，它是商务英语整个学科的基石和不可或缺的一部分。理论商务英语客观理性地通过分析、归纳、类比、假设、概念、判断、推理、演绎等逻辑思维方式剖析研究商务英语实践中的现象；以及反思商务英语理论研究中的问题。理论商务英语专业性强，涉及由商务英语教师或商务英语专业研究生作的商务英语理论研究的各方面，包括商务英语学科建设、商务英语翻译学、商务英语文体学、商务英语教育学、和商务英语跨文化交际学等。
3商务英语学科的发展探析
我国高校开展商务英语教学活动和研究工作已历时半个世纪有余。其间，改革开放、中国加入WTO、上海自贸区的建成以及上海国际金融中心的建设等事件导致了社会各机构和公司组织对具有跨文化意识的复合型商贸英语人才的渴求。与时俱进、顺势而为，教育部在2007年正式批准我国各高校开设商务英语本科专业。自正名那年，学界同仁欢欣一片，热情高涨，至今商务英语学科的建设的蓬勃发展仍势头不减。
欣喜之余，笔者就商务英语学科发展中的几个问题进行理性反思，以求学科平稳发展，学科建设后劲绵绵不息。商务英语学的基本问题是如何处理“商务”与“英语”的交叉平衡关系。商务英语学的逻辑起点目前并无公论。逻辑起点指的是在理论萌芽之前的胚芽时期形成的贯穿整个理论体系的最基本的主要观点和核心内容。它是学科理论的出发点、立足点、着眼点和落脚点，决定着本学科理论的研究起点，也是区别其它学科理论体系的标准之所在。可以说，逻辑起点串起整个学科理论的生命线，使抽象的理论具象化为方法。翁凤翔认为商务英语的逻辑起点是“商务英语教育活动”。林添湖在《试论商务英语学科的逻辑起点》中论证了商务英语学科的逻辑起点是“学科交叉性”。笔者认为该命题既有争鸣碰撞，则值得学界继续深入探讨。
商务英语学理论体系的构建是商务英语学科理论研究的立基之石。据笔者统计，目前的研究多从学科基础理论、学科支撑理论和学科应用理论这三方面入手，尽管成果数量不多，但纵向推进节奏平稳。商务英语学理论体系的架构可分为内部系统和外部系统两部分齐头并进。先来谈商务英语学科的内部系统结构。内部系统可分商务英语教育史、商务英语理论和商务英语翻译论三大块进行深入扩展。具体细化，商务英语教育史可纵向研究商务英语发展史、教学史和理论史等；商务英语理论可细分商务英语教学理论、教育理论、习得理论、基础理论、语言理论和文体理论等；商务英语翻译理论可深入商务英语翻译史、翻译批评和翻译教学论等。再来谈商务英语学理论体系的外部系统则分为语言符号系统、哲学思维系统和社会文化系统。其中，语言符号系统包括语言学、语用学和文体学等；哲学思维系统涵盖哲学、逻辑学、思维科学等；社会文化系统内含社会学、文化学、心理学、教育学、经济学、国际商务学、跨文化交际学等。全球经济一体化的格局下，大量繁荣的商务英语实践促进商务英语学科理论体系的架构和成熟。这是商务英语学科发展的根本，指导商务英语学科稳健、理性、科学的成长。此外，伴随着信息技术的迅猛发展，数字时代的到来，网络教学在多数高校的普及，MOOC（慕课）课程的火爆传播，商务英语学科的体系发展将打开一个崭新的视野。结合数字时代互联网的经济性、交互性、公平性、共享性、快捷性、安全性等优势特点，商务英语学科的交叉性将得到新的阐释。学者们以开放的心态，横向跨学科整合、连接、优化相关理论，从而构建更为多元化商务英语学科理论体系。商务英语学科的发展前景定将得到进一步拓展。
参考文献
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