口腔颌面外科牵张成骨术的并发症及其防治

时间:2022-10-24 11:46:33

口腔颌面外科牵张成骨术的并发症及其防治

[摘要]近年来,牵张成骨术(DO)已成功应用于颌骨发育不足和缺损的治疗中,其有别于传统的外科治疗方法,具有独特的优势和广阔的应用前景。但只有认识到并积极防止并发症的发生,才能取得最佳的治疗效果。现就颌骨DO的并发症及其预防方法作一综述。

[关键词]牵张成骨;并发症;预防

[中图分类号]R 62[文献标志码]A[doi]10.3969/j.issn.1673-5749.2012.06.031

Complications and preventation of distraction osteogenesis in oral and maxillofacial surgeryWang Jinjuan, Chen Jun.(Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China)

[Abstract]Distraction osteogenesis has been successfully used to restore the deformities of craniomaxillofacial surgery these years, while it has provided various advantages over conventional methods and has a widely used in future. However, to obtain the optimal results from distraction osteogenesis, one must be take enough attention to potential complications or unexpected events and how best to minimize or avoid these. In this article, we will make a review about the above issues.

[Key words]distraction osteogenesis;complication;preventation

同时,牵张器械及操作技术不断改进,牵张向微创化、简单化、可控性、多方向型方向发展,面部美观得到极大的改善。

9.2术后面部肿胀和疼痛及治疗

术后肿胀、疼痛是正常的生理反应,常见原因如下:1)术区及颞下颌关节区疼痛,2)牵张器械位置放置不合适致下唇、颊部等软组织的损伤,3)牵张器械的长期摩擦、创口感染,4)牵张距离过长、牵张过程中骨组织的伸长,引起组织的反应性增生,均可产生疼痛。牵张引起的疼痛多发生在牵张时或牵张后,每次持续几分钟后可缓解。关节区疼痛多和牵张有关,停止牵张后疼痛多会自行停止。局部疼痛应排除感染,若感染则行抗炎治疗。同时,术中完全的骨切开可减少牵张时疼痛。

10骨延长方向难以控制和牵张骨量不足

受牵张方向、肌肉等的影响,骨延长方向难以达到精确的控制。牵张方向不正确会引起很多的临床问题,包括下颌中线偏斜及咬合紊乱等,下颌偏斜是下颌矢状方向旋转的结果。截骨线的方向设计不当会阻碍牵张盘的移动,致骨延长、牵张方向受限,但牵张器精确的放置比截骨线的位置对牵张结果的影响更大[25-26]。选择合适的治疗方法及外科技术、精准地修正草案、与熟练正畸医生的合作、术前设计定位板等措施以保证牵张器位置的准确性,同时减少并发症的发生。一旦发现牵张方向不正确均要重新手术并且设计方向。

DO相较其他成骨方法有独特的优势,但其成骨量有时难以达到理想的效果,影响后期种植修复。牵张过程中牵张器械位置的改变,前移或者后退均会导致牵张不足。牵张器稳定性不好或螺钉固位不良、牵张方向不正确、咬合关系改变、牵张器力的传导不佳及周围软组织的阻挡作用,可使截骨缝隙处实际的牵张速度与设计要求有差异。骨组织形成不足多发生在牵张装置拆除同期,并需辅助再次植骨或自体、异体材料的植入以满足后期修复的需求[27]。合适的牵张速率及器械会减少并发症的发生,同时促进新生骨组织的形成。术前设计牵张盘的大小、强度要足够,否则会引起器械难以固位,血供营养供给减少,增加吸收的可能性。定期复查,一旦发现牵张器松动要重新安装。

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