中小学女生超重肥胖与月经初潮的关系

时间:2022-10-04 05:40:21

中小学女生超重肥胖与月经初潮的关系

【摘要】 目的 分析不同营养状况的中小学女生体脂肪、性发育和初潮年龄的关系,为制定相关措施改善中小学女生健康状况提供依据。方法 随机整群抽取6 157名6~18岁女生,依据WGOC超重/肥胖筛查标准和2007年WHO低体重BMI标准划分不同营养状况组,分析身高、体重、体脂百分比、第二性征分期,现状分析法分析来潮状况和初潮年龄。结果 超重、肥胖检出率分别为11.43%和9.05%;其性发育明显超前于同龄正常体重者。全人群半数初潮年龄为12.19岁;超重、肥胖女孩来潮率高于同龄正常体重者,其初潮年龄较后者提前。结论 体脂肪变化与性发育(尤其初潮年龄)早晚密切相关;青春期控制超重、肥胖发生对女性健康至关重要。

【关键词】 超重;肥胖症;月经初潮;学生;女(雌)性

【中图分类号】 R 711.51 R 339.35 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1000-9817(2010)11-1301-03

Association Between Overweight/Obesity and Menarche in Chinese Schoolgirls/GUO Xiao-yan*, JI Cheng-ye,ZHANG Lan. * Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing(100191), China

【Abstract】 Objective To study the association between body fat and sexual development in Chinese schoolgirls in different nutritional status, and to provide evidence for their health status. MethodsBy random cluster sampling, 6 157 girls aged 6-18 were sampled. Their body weight, height, body fat percentage and secondary sex characteristics were measured. The total means of menarche age (MMA) were analyzed using the status method. The menarche ages of different nutritional status were analyzed using the retrospective method. All the subjects were divided according to underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. ResultsThe total incidence of overweight and obesity were 11.43% and 9.05%, respectively. The MMA were 12.19 years. The percentages of the menarche were higher for the overweight and obesity girls than that of the normal-weight girls. The menarche ages of the overweight/obesity girls were earlier than that of the normal-weight ones. Conclusion Closed association is found between the percentage of body fat and girls’ sexual development, especially that ofmenarche age. It’s important to control the occurrence of overweight and obesity in puberty for females’ health.

【Key words】 Overweight;Obesity;Menarche;Students;Female

伴随青春期到来,女性体内脂肪明显增加,性发育开始,月经来潮。体脂百分比和初潮年龄早晚密切相关[1-2]。伴随生活水平提高和儿童超重、肥胖流行,女性青春期始动有逐步提前趋势。女青少年虽超重/肥胖率低于男青少年,但肥胖的发生对其健康的影响更明显[3]。笔者通过分析6~18岁女生的营养状况、体成分和性发育的关联,探讨体脂肪与性发育(尤其初潮年龄)的关系。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象 随机整群抽取北京西城区10所小学、7所中学6 157名6~18岁女生为研究对象,均为汉族。在知情同意基础上测试。通过体检和既往病史排除重要脏器慢性病患者。

1.2 方法 按《2005年中国学生体质健康调研测试细则》[4]测定身高。按Tanner标准判定第二性征分期(I~V期分别为1~5分,由、、腋毛单项得分累加)。利用Biospace-Salus体成分测定仪(韩国产)测定体成分,包括体重、体脂百分比等项目。利用现状法计算半数初潮年龄,同时用回顾法了解来潮具体时间,精确到月。

1.3 分组标准 结合WGOC超重/肥胖BMI筛查标准[5]和WHO(2007)低体重BMI筛查标准[6],将研究对象分成低体重、正常体重、超重和肥胖等4组。

1.4 统计分析 EpiData 3.0软件建立数据库,双录入方法录入数据;SPSS 11.5统计软件进行分析。

2 结果

2.1 不同年龄组营养状况分布 研究对象年龄6~20岁,各年龄人数均衡;超重、肥胖总发生率分别为11.43%和9.05%。12岁组开始出现超重、肥胖检出率随年龄上升趋势;14岁达峰值(24.36%)。13岁组肥胖检出率最高(11.52%);14岁超重检出率最高(14.95%);16岁后超重、肥胖检出率下降。

2.2 不同营养状况组体脂百分比比较 见表1。

各年龄段体脂百分比都表现为肥胖组>超重组>正常组>低体重组(P值均<0.01)。

2.3 不同营养状况组来潮率和初潮年龄比较 本研究8岁组来潮率为0,16岁组来潮率达100%。10~14岁组中来潮率呈规律变化:低体重组

正常组来潮率超过1/2,而超重、肥胖组分别有73.91%和84.42%来潮。

表2显示,4组女生初潮年龄(回顾法)比较表现均为低体重组>正常组>超重肥胖组,多数年龄组差异均有统计学意义。

2.4 不同营养状况组第二性征平均得分比较 表3显示,7~17岁变化趋势均为:低体重组

3 讨论

伴随着生活水平的提高和饮食结构、生活方式的改变,儿童青少年超重/肥胖率不断升高。2004年北京城市女生超重、肥胖检出率分别为16.5%和7.1%[7]。随年龄增长,青春期女生体表脂肪出现重分布,肥胖发生率低于同龄男生,且青春后期肥胖发生率呈下降趋势。青春期女生的肥胖以中心性肥胖、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)降低为主要表现。超重、肥胖女生分别有近50%和90%的个体至少有1项代谢综合征危险因素异常[3]。Lu等[8]的研究也发现,青春期少女肥胖特点为:高尿酸、高胆固醇、高三酰甘油、HDL-C降低。提示女生处于超重、肥胖状态对健康的危害很大。

性发育是青春期发育的重要部分,初潮是女性性发育的里程碑。1974年Frisch等[1-2]报道,女孩通常需达到47.8 kg这一临界体重才出现初潮;体脂百分比需达到16.0%~23.5%才开始出现月经周期,而要维持正常的排卵周期的体脂百分比应为22%~24%。研究显示[9],与澳大利亚人等白种人比,在同样的BMI、腰围、皮褶厚度下,日本男、女性体脂百分比更高。我国女孩的BMI水平虽低于欧美女性,体脂百分比却和后者相差无几。我国女孩初潮临界体重较国外标准为轻,但初潮、维持正常排卵所需体脂百分比却与 Frisch等的发现一致[10]。1850-1960年间欧洲女孩初潮年龄每10 a提前4 个月;美国白人初潮年龄2000年比1990年提前2.3月[11]。我国儿童近年来也有类似趋势。如北京城区女孩的初潮年龄,在1962-1985年期间平均每10 a提前0.67岁;1985-2000年期间则提前0.5岁[12]。2004年北京女孩初潮年龄为(12.1±1.1)岁[13]。本调查半数初潮年龄12.19岁,与该资料基本一致。

大量研究证实,体脂决定性成熟早晚;超重肥胖与性发育提前相关;大多数BMI高的女孩来潮早于同年龄BMI较低女孩[14]。Baul等[15]研究显示:10~15岁超重/肥胖女孩初潮年龄早于正常体重和低体重女孩。齐秀玉等[16]的研究同样显示,超重/肥胖儿童初潮年龄偏早。如上述,本研究中来潮率变化规律为低体重组

4 参考文献

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(收稿日期:2010-04-12;修回日期:2010-05-21)

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