英语写作中十种常见的语言错误分析

时间:2022-09-04 10:19:15

英语写作中十种常见的语言错误分析

纵观近年高考英语写作题,题材一般是热点话题、社会现象、日常生活、学校生活、人际关系等。一般来说,尽管每年的写作话题或题材各不相同,但考生在写作过程中所犯的错误却是基本一致的。下面,我们对2013年广东高考英语写作题考生出现的语言错误进行分析归纳,希望能对各位同学有所帮助。

一、中国式英语(Chinglish)

一些考生写作中往往先用汉语打腹稿,再把汉语一句句机械地转换成英语,带有明显的汉语痕迹,因此表达很别扭,不地道。

[例1] Everywhere can see the shadow of cleaners.

分析:考生受母语负迁移的影响,分不清动作的发出者,也就是主语。

改为:Cleaners can be seen/ found everywhere. ( 或It is not unusual to see cleaners clean the streets.) 到处都可以见到清洁工。

[例2] We very respect ordinary workers.

分析:“very” 一般可用于修饰形容词,如very happy, 但切忌修饰动词。

改为:We respect ordinary workers very much. (或 We have the greatest respect for ordinary workers.) 我们非常尊重普通劳动者。

二、句子结构不完整(Sentence Fragments)

在口语中,交际双方可借助手势等,不完整的句子是完全可以被理解的,可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清。因此要牢牢掌握基本的句法知识。

简单句:只包含一个主谓结构的句子

并列句:主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or...) +主谓结构

复合句:引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构

(从句) (主句)

但有的考生没有很好掌握这些基本结构,常缺少连接词或引导词。

[例3] There are many people do ordinary but important jobs.

分析:因there are... 本身是一个句子,后面又出现谓语动词do,而这个动词又没有主语,句子结构不完整。考生使用there be 结构时,经常会犯类似的错误。

改为:There are many people who do ordinary but important jobs.或There are many people doing ordinary but important jobs. 有许多人做着普通而又重要的工作。

[例4] The weather was terrible, they still had to get up early to clean the streets.

分析:逗号前后各有一个主谓结构,即共有两个句子,而两个句子之间缺少连词。切记: 并列句由“主谓结构+并列连词+主谓结构”构成。

改为:The weather was terrible, but they still had to get up early to clean the streets. 虽然天气很糟糕,但是他们依然不得不很早就起床清扫街道。

[例5] Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard. Because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear.

分析:因Because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear.” 不是一个完整的句子,仅为一个由because引出的原因状语从句,缺少了主句。复合句由“主句+连词+从句”或“连词+从句+主句”构成。

改为:Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear. 有的专家认为,火星上的生活条件太艰苦,面临严寒气候、孤独和恐惧。

[例6] The volunteers must willing to get on well with others.

分析:因情态动词must后要接动词原形,并跟动词原形一起构成谓语,但句中willing是形容词,句子成分残缺,没有完整谓语动词。

改为:The volunteers must be willing to get on well with others. 志愿者必须愿意与他人友好相处。

[例7] Some volunteers believe that they will be the heroes of human beings if succeed.

分析:if 从句成分不全,缺少主语。

改为:Some volunteers believe that they will be the heroes of human beings if they succeed. 有的志愿者认为,如果他们成功了,他们就是人类的英雄。

三、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。

[例8] At the age of four, her mother became a laid-off worker and had to earn her living by working as a street cleaner.

分析:句中at the age of four 只点出“四岁时”,但没有说明“谁”四岁,按一般推理不可能是her mother, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。

改为:When she was four (years old), her mother became a laid-off worker and had to earn her living by working as a street cleaner. 当她四岁时,她的母亲成了下岗工人,不得不做街道清洁工来谋生。

[例9] To be a volunteer, a good relationship with other people is essential.

分析:句中不定式短语“to be a volunteer”的逻辑主语不清楚。

改为:To be a volunteer, you should be willing to keep a good relationship with other people. 要成为志愿者,你必须愿意与人友好相处。

四、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

词性误用常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当名词用;名词当动词用等。词性混用在2013年广东高考英语考场作文中较为常见。

[例10] The volunteers must over 18 years old.

分析:over为介词,考生误用作动词。

改为:The volunteers must be over 18 years old.志愿者必须要18岁以上。

[例11] They have to face the cold weather, lonely and terrify.

分析:lonely为形容词,考生误作名词;terrify 为动词,考生误作名词。

改为:They have to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear. 他们不得不面临严寒气候、孤独和恐惧。

[例12] Some volunteers believe that if they success, they will become heroes of human beings.

分析:success 为名词,考生误作动词。

改为:Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings. 有的志愿者认为,如果他们成功了,他们就是人类的英雄。

[例13] By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be choiced from all over the world.

析:choice 为名词,考生误作动词。

改为:By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be chosen from all over the world. 到2015年,在全球选出约30名去火星的志愿者。

五、用词不准(Inaccuracy in the use of words)

选用词语就是要准确表达思想。选用词语的原则是:既知道确切含义、用法,又要用有把握的词语。很多考生选用词语的错误常表现在:拼写错误、用词不当、词义混淆、遗词漏词等方面。

[例14] They are tired of living on the earth, so they want to experiment the life on the Mars.

分析:形近词混淆。experience 可作动词,意为“经历,体验”,experiment是名词,意为“实验”。

改为:They are tired of living on the earth, so they want to experience the life on the Mars. 他们厌倦了地球上的生活,所以想体验火星生活。

[例15] Some experts think that the living conditions in the Mars are hard.

分析:考生在表达信息点“在火星上”时,用错了介词,且较为普遍。

改为:Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard. 有的专家认为,火星上的生活条件很艰苦。

[例16] The volunteers should be prepared not to return the earth.

分析:考生在表达信息点“不回地球”时,出现了遗词漏词方面的错误。

改为:The volunteers should be prepared not to return to the earth.

[例17] By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be choosed from all over the world.

分析:考生对不规则动词记忆不牢,choose 的过去分词出现拼写错误。

改为:By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be chosen from all over the world. 到2015年,将从全世界选出大约30个志愿者去火星。

[例18] Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heros of human beings.

分析:特殊名词的复数形式掌握不牢。

改为:Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings.

六、累赘(Redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个可有可无的句子。能用词组、分词的就不用从句或句子。

[例19] I know a cleaner who is a woman and is 32 years old.

分析:考生虽然用了定语从句,但是句子并不自然,可用名词、分词作定语,简化句子。

改为:I know a woman cleaner aged 32.我认识一位女清洁工,她有32岁了。

[例20] She had to take care of her daughter. But she also had to clean the street. She had no idea about what she should do in such a condition.

分析:句子虽然没有语法错误,但是读起来累赘。可用with结构、不定式等优化句子。

改为:With her daughter to take care of while at work, she didn’t know what to do.由于在工作期间要照顾她的女儿,她不知怎么办。

七、不一致(Disagreement)

所谓不一致(Disagreement)不仅指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致、并列短语前后不一致等。

[例21] We should not judge a man by what he wears, but by the contributions he made to the society.

分析:“not ... but ...”连接的是并列成分,“what he wears”为从句,而“the contributions he ...”为名词,明显不平衡。

改为:We should not judge a man by his clothes, but by the contributions he made to the society.我们不应该根据衣着来评判一个人,而要根据他对社会的贡献来评判。

[例22] Respecting ordinary workers is one of our national virtue.

分析:“one of ... ”后面的名词宜用复数形式。

改为:Respecting ordinary workers is one of our national virtues.尊重普通劳动者是我们的民族美德之一。

八、时态、语态错误 (Misuse of tense or voice)

[例23] It should be taken measures to raise the payment of ordinary workers.

分析:考生分不清楚句子“We take measures ... ” 的主语和宾语,因此用被动语态表达时,出现错误。

改为:We should take measures to raise the payment of ordinary workers. 或 Measures should be taken to raise the payment of ordinary workers.我们应该采取措施来提高普通劳动者的工资。

[例24] If there were no cleaners, the world will become a dirty place with rubbish everywhere.

分析:考生用虚拟语气时不够熟练,常常写呀写就又忘了虚拟了。

改为:If there were no cleaners,the world would become a dirty place with rubbish everywhere.如果没有了清洁工,这个世界就会变成一个到处是垃圾的肮脏的地方。

九、高级句式出错 (errors in advanced sentences)

写作阅卷有一条不成文的规定:没有复杂句不能得高分。但我们要注意这类复杂句不要写得太多。全是复杂句或长句,读起来会很累、很烦、很不自然,如果出错,还会影响得分。

[例25] Only we respect ordinary workers, can we all live in harmony and create a better world. / Only do we respect ordinary workers, we can all live in harmony and create a better world.

分析:“only+状语从句”置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。考生记不清是主句还是从句用倒装,因此出错。同时only后的从句忘记用连词。

改为:Only when we respect ordinary workers, can we all live in harmony and create a better world.只有当我们尊重普通劳动者时,我们大家才能生活和谐并创造一个更加美丽的世界。

[例26] It was their hard work made the world clean and pleasant.

分析:考生用强调句时,容易忘记写“that”,对“It is / was ... that ... ”强调句型掌握不牢。

改为:It was their hard work that made the world clean and pleasant.正是他们的辛苦劳动才使得这个世界清洁舒适。

十、不连贯 (Incoherence)

一篇优秀的书面表达,除了要切中题意,不漏要点,语言准确,简洁规范之外,还要行文连贯,流畅自然。

[例27] Some volunteers believe they are tired of living on the earth and they want to experience the life on the Mars. If they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings.

分析:考生在表达信息点时,未能揣摩出信息点之间的内在联系,因此缺乏逻辑性、连贯性。

改为:Some volunteers hold the belief that they will be the heroes of human beings if they succeed. Moreover, they want to know what life is like on the Mars because they are tired of the life on the earth.

除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如遗漏标题或标题写错;正文格式,尤其是应用文格式错误;单词字母的大小写及标点符号等错误。

综上所述,写作时,请一定避免简单但严重的错误。如:单复数、主谓一致、时态、搭配和简单单词的拼写。因为这些错误的出现会使评卷老师质疑你的语言的基本素养,从而不会给你高的分数。作文写好后一定要检查,Check the person “人称”、the agreement “一致性”、the number “数”、the tense “时态”、the spelling “单词拼写”以及 sentence pattern “句型”,简而言之,check your “pants”(裤子) !

同时,我们应该避免误入“用大词用长句”才算写作的误区,因为,好的文章或大作家往往是用“小词”表达复杂思想。简单无误是第一原则。文章要拿高分,注意语言表达的多样性和高级词汇、句型的运用,平时注意多积累、多练习,但是并非长句越多越好,复合句越多越好,作文的句子要长短结合,地道自然。一些基础不好的同学最好少写甚至不写复杂句,因为如果复杂句写错了会影响得分,而简单句只要不错分数反而不会低到哪里去。

除此之外,考生写作时还应注意审题清楚、言之有物、书写清秀、卷面整洁、间距有度、无低级错误。

(作者单位:东莞中学)

责任编校 蒋小青

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