定语从句引导词选用初探

定语从句是高中英语教学中重要的语法项目，也是高考的必考内容之一，定语从句中引导词的选用让许多学生感到困惑。下面我就自己多年的教学体会谈一谈定语从句中引导词的选择问题。

一、定语从句中引导词的分类与作用

引导词可分为两类，一类叫关系代词，另一类叫关系副词。关系代词有that、who、whom、whose、which、as等，关系副词有when、where、why等。

关系代词中，as、which和that在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，who充当主语或表语，whom充当宾语或表语，whose充当定语，关系副词when、where、why等在定语从句中分别充当时间、地点、原因等状语。

二、引导词用法的注意点

（一）在下列情况中一般用that而不用which

1.当先行词是nothing、 something、 anything、 all、 each等不定代词时。

Do you have anything that is important to tell me？

2.当先行词被all、any、some、no、every、each等修饰时。

I have some books that are very good.

3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。

This is the first book that I bought myself.

The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.

4.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。

Which is the bike that you lost？

Who is the woman that was praised at the meet-

ing？

5.当先行词在从句和主句中都作表语时，无论先行词是人还是物。

China is no longer the country that she was.

6.如有两个定语从句，其中一个已用which引导，另一个宜用that。

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

7.当先行词被the very、the last、the next、the only等词修饰时。

This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

8.当先行词又有人又有物时。

I won？蒺t forget the things and the persons that I saw.

（二）只能使用which的情况

1.非限制性定语从句中。

Mary has a book， which is very precious.

2.在介词之后。

This is a house in which lives an old man.

3.当主句中的主语被that修饰时。

That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.

（三）as与which在定语从句中的用法区别

1.语义的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；当主句和从句语义转折不一致时，用which。

He made a long speech， as we expected.

He made a long speech， which was unexpected.

2.位置的区别：在句首一定用as，which不可能放在句首。

3.含义的区别：as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义。

As is well known， Shanghai is a big city.

Some of the roads were flooded， which made our journey more difficult.

4.否定句中用which。

Tom drinks a lot everyday， which his wife

doesn？蒺t like at all.

（四）在定语从句中，the same ... as ...和the same ... that ... 的区别

1.the same ... as ...表示“与……同样的”，不是同一个， the same ...that ...表示“同一个”，就是那个。

This is the same pen as I lost last week.这同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样。（但不是同一支）

This is the same pen that I lost last week. 这就是我上周丢失的那支钢笔。

2.the same后面可以接定语从句，如果后面的定语从句是省略的情况，则用as来引导，即the same ...as；如果是完整的定语从句，须根据不同的先行词来确定用 that、when、where、when、who等。

He studies in the same school as I.

He was born in the same hospital where my brother was born.

The young teacher is the same man who visited our school last year.

三、选用引导词的规律

1.先行词决定引导词选用的方向；

2.引导词在定语从句中充当的成分是选用的关键。

这里，我把引导词分为两类，指代人的为一类，指代物的为另一类。指代人的有关系代词who、whom、that（既可指代人，也可指代物）、whose（既可指代人，也可指代物）等；指代物的有关系代词which、as、that；指代物的关系副词有when、where、why等。例如：

The reason， _______ he told me， is reasonable.

分析一下：the reason 是先行词，是物，根据规律1，那么引导词应是that或which或whose；定语从句中he told me缺少宾语，再根据规律2，应当选用作宾语的关系代词that或which。但是，that不能用在非限制性定语从句中，故正确的引导词是which。

那么，再举一例，看是否适用：I visited the house， in _______ I lived for ten years. 先行词是the house，是指物的一类，可选用关系代词that、which；又因为在定语从句中充当介词in的宾语且是在非限制性定语从句中，故应选用which。

你看，这两条规律简单又易记住，使用也方便，对学生非常实用，对老师也有一些启示。

（作者单位：河南省杞县第一高级中学）