生态开化 拥抱生态

从莲花峰尖倾泻的山水，跌宕蜿蜒，经齐溪、走芹江，一路浩浩荡荡、奔流不息，最终汇成了浙江人民的母亲河――钱塘江。

莲花峰，坐落在开化县齐溪镇。开化县是国家生态县，境内拥有钱江源国家森林公园和古田山国家自然保护区。2000年，开化县在全国最早确立“生态立县”发展战略。“十年磨一剑”，在数届县委、县政府和全县人民的不懈努力下，如今，开化县的大气环境质量始终保持在一、二级水平，开化的生态环境总体质量、大气质量、水体质量、生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数均列全国各县市前列。

然而，拥抱生态，并不是一件简单时髦的事，这意味着一种付出、一种执著、一种嬗变、一种创新。

生态――“上游吃饭”与“下游喝水”

的辩证统一

开化县是林业大县。上世纪90年代初，开化涌现了大办工业的热潮，各类小矿山、小造纸厂、小化工企业遍布各乡镇。然而，森林的砍伐破坏了环境，企业的发展带来了污染。青山白化，河水泛渣。最严重的时候，出境水达到劣五类，水污染一度导致开化和邻县纠纷不断。

下游老百姓要喝干净水，而地处上游的开化一旦关闭治污无望的企业，则会有4000多人失去“饭碗”，财政也将失去相当一部分税收。上世纪末，当开化县着手关停污染企业时，一些乡镇干部和群众不理解：是保下游喝水重要，还是保本县老百姓“吃饭”要紧？

“当时想不通啊！”钱土金当年是开化县一家龙头造纸企业的厂长，回忆往事时他发出这样的感慨。他22岁就当上了企业的工会副主席。大概在1991年底，1992年初的时候，这家造纸厂生产的水泥袋供不应求，价格从1000元/吨直线蹿到3000元/吨。当万元户还是个稀罕物的时候，钱土金就能在这家企业领到1万多元的年终奖金。然而，这样的“巨额奖金”在1993年就结束了，因为污染下游水源被媒体曝光，之后，造纸厂开始陷入时停时开的困境。2000年，企业正式关停，刚当了两年厂长的钱土金和上百名职工一起成了失业者。

既要保“下游喝水”，又要保“上游吃饭”！这是开化县委、县政府的决心，而立足生态，成了“上游吃饭”与“下游喝水”辩证统一的关键环节。2000年，开化县在全国率先正式确立并全面实施“生态立县”发展战略，启动了暴风骤雨般的“治山、治水、治穷、治污”四大治理措施。全县在关停污染企业、封山育林、退耕还林的同时，积极调整产业结构，重点发展低消耗、高产出、污染少的高新技术、绿色农产品、竹木深加工、生态旅游等特色产业，为地方经济培育新的增长点，为转产群众开辟了新的致富门路。如今，以新能源、新材料、新光源为主导的“三新产业”已成为开化县的工业主导产业，同时，开化县还大力发展旅游业，农家乐、采摘游等富有地方特色的旅游项目，成了当地农民致富增收的重要途径。

因为保护生态，钱土金下岗后，依靠县政府出台的扶持政策，当年就在老厂子附近开了家包子铺，如今他的包子铺生意红火，包子的品种从开始时的两三种发展到10多种，成了当地人离不开的著名小吃。

生态――“种种砍砍”到“走走看看”

的完美嬗变

每天上午8时，开化县齐溪镇里秧田村妇女余桂兰和当地许多村民一样，拎着两个大篮子，来到位于钱江源大峡谷景区门口的“岗位”上。篮子里，满满的都是用食品袋包装好的番薯干、野生苦丁茶、菜干等，还有许多瓶则装着村民自家产的土蜂蜜。

大峡谷景区建成以后，50岁的余桂兰在新“岗位”上学会了生意经：卖矿泉水、烤番薯等土特产品，山里随处可见的兰花是许多城市游客眼中的宝贝，不同品种有不同的价格。

齐溪镇位于钱江源头，上世纪70年代末曾造出全国有名的“万亩林场”。依靠“种种砍砍”，木材经济一直是当地农民的主要收入。近年来，随着“钱江源头”的名声日益响亮，当地党委政府抓住契机，确立“生态立镇、旅游兴镇”战略，全力创建省级旅游强镇，吸引了越来越多的城市游客前来“走走看看”。目前齐溪镇已创建省级农家乐示范村1个、省特色旅游村1个、市级农家乐示范村1个，并分别在里秧田及齐溪2个村建立了农家乐管理中心，全镇农家乐日接待能力达2000余人，省级旅游强镇创建顺利通过验收。

从“种种砍砍”到“走走看看”，仁宗坑村的汪年法深有感触。老汪今年49岁，上世纪80年代曾依靠买卖木材养家糊口。后来，随着进钱江源旅游的人越来越多，老汪果断改行开起了小饭店。2008年，他盘下了205国道旁的一幢老房子，投资150多万元建起了占地400多平方米的“风华饭店”，除了8个大包厢，楼上还有20个标间供游客住宿。“每年夏天，上海、杭州等地的城市游客将钱江源挤得满满的！”汪年法介绍说，自己从邻村请了6个帮工，年净收入达到30万。

在齐溪镇，旅游资源日益成为当地农民增收的重要依托。在里秧田村，有像余桂兰这样在景点门口设摊叫卖的农民生意人，有利用山货制作旅游产品的家庭作坊，还有农家乐经营户。用村支书张长班的话说，93户村民，家家都与旅游产业拉上了关系。

为了让游客“走走看看”更舒心，今春，村民们还在旅游沿线的山上种下了530多亩石榴、桃子、杨梅等果树。“等这些果树长大，满山鲜艳的花果，呈现在游客面前的将是一个‘彩色钱江源’！”镇党委书记程军华如是说。

生态――“有形之手”和“无形之手”

的无缝对接

关停污染企业、禁止乱砍滥伐。开化县在“生态立县”之初，政府这只“有形之手”对生态建设起到了无法替代的作用。而今，随着整个社会生态意识的增强，市场经济这“无形之手”正对生态建设起到越来越大的作用。

开化县音坑乡下淤村，是县城数家婚纱影楼的拍摄基地。清晨的阳光柔和地洒在村旁的马金溪。岸边，一位身穿洁白婚纱的新娘，时而含情脉脉，时而徘徊于青青草坪，时而依偎着新郎眺望远方……在一阵阵的“咔嚓”声中，留下浪漫时刻。

然而，5年前，这里还是一个污水横流、河道发黑的村庄。村党支部书记叶志廷回忆起当年情形，眉头紧锁。溪里，挖沙船“轰隆隆”作响，河道被挖得坑坑洼洼；有个村民常常去炸鱼，一次，反而炸掉了自己的一条胳膊；村后的白虎山、月亮山，也被村民砍成了“瘌痢头”；12棵千年古樟，被菜园地、露天粪坑与栅栏所包围。

村里要借助临近县城的优势发展农家乐，就必须对村庄环境进行整治。从2004年开始，对村后470多亩景观林实行封山育林；挖沙船上岸，取而代之的是清理淤泥和水面垃圾的小木排；河道两旁、村庄内，栽种了杨柳、香樟、枫木、桂花和山茶花等苗木；污水沟、污水塘、牛棚、露天厕所和违章建筑开展整治。村里还安排3名保洁员，村庄面貌渐渐干净、整洁了。如今全村20多家农家乐每年吸引数万游客，村民生态致富的道路越走越宽。

开化县能源办创新设计的“秸秆两相发酵制气法”不仅获得了发明专利，还将这项专利转化生产出尤其适合农村使用的“管道沼气”，造福越来越多的当地农民。在桐村镇黄石村，村民黄宝德算了一笔账：两吨秸秆可以换200立方沼气，够他们家烧一年，比使用液化气省600多元，比用柴火省1400多元。

在桐村镇裴源村，“顺康牧业”投资3500万元、年产生猪4.5万头的高标准生态化的生猪养殖场正在建设。除引进高科技智能化的饲养设备外，生态环保也是该养殖场的一大特色。养殖场有两个类似锅炉的“大铁球”，这就是沼气池。新猪场建成后，将把养殖产生的污水全部引进池内进行沼气处理。利用产生的沼气进行发电，将能全面满足养殖场的需要。同时，沼气池产生的干粪发酵后用于山塘水库养鱼，沼液排入沼液沉淀池，然后进入田间积液池，用于下游两百多亩农作物、茶叶基地施肥。通过循环利用，“顺康牧业”每年能增加效益200多万元。

下淤村的河道保洁员（朱建平 摄）

A river cleaner of Xiayu Village is at work.

钱塘江源头的原生态 （丰智慧 摄）

A rural scene of Kaihua County where Qiantang River starts

新人正在美丽的山水间留下幸福的时刻。（徐祝安 摄）

A couple is taking wedding photos against the restored rural scene in Kaihua.

Kaihua County Develops Green Economy

By Zhu Jianping

Kaihua County sits in the western Zhejiang. The streams from its mountains zigzag and help form Qiantang River, the mother river of the province. Lotus Mountain is considered the place where the mighty river starts. A national ecological county, the 2,236-km2 Kaihua houses Qiantang National Forest Park and Gutian Mountain Nature Reserve. Established as a county in 981 AD, Kaihua established itself in 2000 as the first county in China that strategically decided that a well-protected ecology was its economic lifeline and engine.

The county paid a heavy price before it became aware of the crisis and the importance of preserving its ecology. In the early 1990s, the county witnessed a booming industry wave. Small factories engaged in mining and chemicals and papermaking mushroomed. Serious pollution in Kaihua caused a serious problem to the downstream Qiantang River.

In the late 1990s, the county government had to shut down the worst pollution makers. People complained. What was more important: the drinking water for the people in downstream or the living of the local residents of the county? Many local government officials and residents questioned the wisdom of the shutdown campaign.

In 2000, Kaihua established green growth as the economic development strategy. Polluting enterprises were shut down, reforestation projects were started, and farmland in mountains was turned back for reforestation. Local industry was restructured. High-tech industry with low pollution, low energy consumption and high returns was introduced. Policies for tourism were issued. Today, Kaihua has a well-balanced industry. Local people make money in new ways and the local ecology has improved and flourished.

Qian Tujin used to work for a local cement factory in the 1990s. He earned very good money in 1991 and 1992. The factory was suspended in 1993 as the heavy pollution was widely reported in media. When the factory was officially shut down in 2000, Qian, who had been the manager of the factory for the previous two years, and his 100 employees lost their jobs. With a government startup fund, Qian started a steamed bun shop near the previous cement factory. Today, the shop enjoys a brisk business.

Qixi Town is at the water head of Qiantang River. Villagers used to make a living on logging. Today, forests are maintained and villages are tourist destinations. Household restaurants and inns can receive 20,000 per day. The 49-year-old Wang Nianfa used to live on logging. Today, he operates a 20-bed inn-restaurant business by State Highway 208. Every summer, he employs six people to help entertain tourists from Shanghai and Hangzhou. He makes a profit of 300,000 a year.

Xiayu Village was seriously polluted. It looked extremely ugly even five years ago. In 2004, the village started a restoration project. Villagers planted trees in more than 30 hectares in mountains around the village. The river was dredged and trees were planted along the banks. The houses and village infrastructure were refurbished. Today, ecology has been restored. More than 20 households run restaurant/in businesses. A few photograph studios in the county capital use the village as a scenic venue to take wedding photographs for young couples.

At Peiyuan Village, a 35-million-yuan pig farm is now under construction. The farm is supposed to be a green project. The farm is designed to raise 45,000 pigs a year and is to have two big iron-balls that serve as biogas cisterns. All the wastewater from the future pig farm will be processed in the two big balls. Biogas will be used to generate electricity for the whole operation. Dehydrated pig manure will be fed to fish in fishponds and reservoirs in mountains and biogas slurry will be further processed to fertilize crops and tea plantations in nearby fields. This green system minimizes pollution and creates additional benefits worth 2 million yuan a year.