科普环保类阅读题解析

纵观近几年中考试题，不难发现以科技环保为主题的阅读题呈明显上升的趋势。这类试题关注社会热点，追踪科技前沿，选材多以说明文为主。科技发展、人口控制、气候变化、资源开发、节能减排等话题是这类试题的主要题材，现将这类阅读题的命题特点做如下概括：

一、揭示事物发展、变化的规律，普及科技知识，提高同学们认识自然、改造自然的能力。例如：

Light and shadow are friends. They usually go together. We receive light every day. At the same time, we produce shadow.

Light can’t shine through you. Your body stops it from passing. There is a dark spot on the ground next to you. The light can’t reach the dark spot. This is your shadow.

At noon the sun shines over your head. Your body stops very little light from reaching the ground, so your shadow is quite short.But in the early morning or late afternoon, the sun is low in the sky. Its light moves over more of your body. Then your shadow is quite long. Your body keeps a lot of light from reaching the ground…(1) Your body’s shadow is long because _________.

A. the sun is low in the sky in the morning or late afternoon

B. the sun is over your head

C.the sunlight is very strong at noon

D. your body stops very little light from reaching the ground (甘肃)

[简析]本文简介了影子是如何产生的以及清晨、傍晚影子长而中午时分影子短的原因。通过阅读本文，我们不难看出科普环保类阅读题语言、行文的特色之一：文章用词浅显准确、内容简明扼要。（1）是细节理解题，正确选项为A。 解答本题的关键在于理解文中句子 “But in the early morning or late afternoon, the sun is low in the sky.Its light moves over more of your body. Then your shadow is quite long.”。这几个句子指出清晨或傍晚时分，太阳在天空中的位置低，身体遮挡了较多阳光，因此人影就长。

二、倡导环境保护，关注世界未来，鼓励同学们积极投身控制人口增长、保护生态环境的行列中。例如：

April 22 is Earth Day. Everyone on earth should care about and protect the earth!

The earth has warmed by about 1 (华氏度) over the past 100 years, but why and how? Well, scientists are not quite sure. Maybe the earth gets warmer and warmer on it own. But many scientists say that people are doing many things which make the earth warmer.

First, greenhouse effect (温室效应) is a very important reason for the change of the earth. People give out too much energy into the air every year. It makes the earth warmer. Climate (气候) change is another important reason. Sometimes it becomes too hot and sometimes too cold. Sometimes there is too much rain and sometimes too little. The change of the climate makes the earth warmer. In turn, the warmth of the earth changes the climate, too.

When the earth becomes warmer, there may be more rain and a rise in sea level. It will affect the growth of plants, animals and people. On a Pacific island, 100 people have to move to higher ground because the sea is rising…

(2)Greenhouse effect comes from _______.

A. sea rising

B. climate change

C. nature’s unbalance

D. people’s activity (江苏南通)

[简析]本文介绍地球变暖的原因和危害，呼吁大家要行动起来保护和建设人类共有的地球家园。通过阅读本文，我们能体会科普环保类阅读题语言、行文的特色之二：文章层次分明、条理清楚，用词准确。（2）是推理判断题，正确选项为D。本题询问温室效应的根源，短文第三段提供了两个重要原因：一是 “People give out too much energy into the air every year.”；二是 “Climate”。但从第二段中句子 “many scientists say that people are doing many things which make the earth warmer” 可推断短文着重强调的是人类活动造成温室效应，故D是最佳选项。

三、培养学生利用课内知识分析和解决实际问题的能力，提高学生素质。例如：

Earthquakes may happen anywhere on the earth. When some plates of the earth move suddenly, an earthquake happens. Many earthquakes begin under the sea. They often happen near the mountains, too.

During an earthquake, the shakings make rocks rise suddenly and even crack (断裂) open. Houses fall, people are killed or hurt, and sometimes the whole village or cities are destroyed.

Can we do something to keep ourselves safe from earthquakes? Scientists have studied earthquakes and make maps that show the “earthquake belts”. In areas in these belts, it is possible for earthquakes to happen. In these areas we should build strong houses to fight against earthquakes.

In the future, scientists will be able to tell when and where an earthquake will be before they happen. They can also tell people what to do and how to do it.

(3)The reason for an earthquake is ________.

A. that there are so many plates (板块) on the earth

B. that the sea is too deep

C. rocks’ cracking (四川自贡)

[简析]本文介绍地震产生的原因、危害、减少地震损失的方法以及对未来防震技术的展望。通过阅读本文，我们能体会科普环保类阅读题语言、行文的特色之三：文章层次分明、脉络清晰，注重通过抓住事物的特征采用三步走的方式来描述事物。即：提出问题 分析问题 得出结论。（3）是细节理解题，正确选项为C。本题要求考生找出地震产生的原因，由短文第二段句子 “During an earthquake, the shakings make rocks rise suddenly and even crack open. Houses fall, people are killed or hurt …” 可知岩层断裂是产生地震的原因，故C是最佳选项。

四、联系学生生活实际，加强健康与安全教育，注重德、智、体、美、劳全面发展。例如：

Many children use the Internet to get useful knowledge and information, and to relax in their time (4)________ Here are some rules to make sure you are safe and have fun on the Internet.

(5)_______ For example, when you can go online, for how long and what activities you can do online.

Don’t give your password to anyone else, and never give out the following information: your real name, home address, age, school, phone number or other personal information.

Check with your parents before giving out a credit card number.

Never send a photo of yourself to someone in e-mail unless your parents say it’s OK.

(6)________ Different chat rooms have different rules and attract different kinds of people. You and your parents will want to make sure it’s a right place for you.

Never agree to meet anyone you meet on the Internet without your parents’ permission.(7)___ Always remember that people online may not be who they say they are. Treat everyone online as if they were strangers.

If something you see or read online makes you uncomfortable, leave the site. Tell a parent or teacher right away.

Remember: Not everything you read on the Internet is true.

根据短文内容，把下列方框中的四个句子，分别放回到文中第(4)、(5)、(6)、(7)的空白处，使短文意思完整。

A. Never meet anyone you meet online alone.

B. Check with your parents before going into a chat room.

C. But some of them are not using it in a good way.

D. Make rules for using the Internet with your parents.(青海)

[简析]本文介绍青少年如何在父母、老师的帮助下安全上网，从而让网络成为他们获取有用知识和信息的桥梁。通过阅读本文，我们能体会科普环保类阅读题语言、行文的特色之四：文章体现情境创设的理念，取材贴近学生生活实际，有亲切感。（4）至（7）都是推理判断题，正确答案为C、D、B、A。由第(4)空后的句子 “Here are some rules to make sure you are safe and have fun on the Internet.” 可推断该空的答案为C，正因为“有些孩子不能正确使用电脑”才有必要“给出一些安全、快乐上网的方式”。第(5)空后的例子指出孩子们上网要遵守预先订制的规则，要注意上网的时间及内容。故第(5)空选D。第(6)空后内容讲述不同的网吧聊天室有不同的规点，故第(6)空选B，指出孩子们进入聊天室之前要随同父母对它们进行一番了解。第(7) 空前、空后都讲述孩子们不能单独去见网络上认识的人，故选A。