细分析,巧区别

在学生练习中经常出现一些重复的错误，尤其出现在定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句中。下面就学生的错题来探讨这三大从句的奥秘。请先完成以下五道题目：

例1 Men are more suited to occupational environments __________ require decisive action while women are better at jobs __________ a considered approach is most important.

A. which；that B. 不填；when C. which；when D. that；where

例2 ____ is known to us all is _____ many young students are the iPod fans.

A． What; that B． What; what C． It; that D． As; that

例3 A big stone blocked the way，but it was such a huge one ______ nobody could lift.

A. that B. as C. what D. which

例4 You are saying that the prices of houses will go on rising, and this is _____ I disagree．

A．why B．what C．how D．where

例5 _________ this job, he will have to be faced with the challenging situation he has never experienced before.

A. No matter who will take on B. Who takes on

C. Whoever will take on D. Whoever takes on

【答案分析与拓展】

例1 答案为D。分析第一空，定语从句中缺少主语，故选择关系代词，修饰先行词environments，因此第一空可以填that或which；分析第二空，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故选择关系副词，修饰先行词jobs，这里应选where。

拓 展

1. that 是个“万金油”，可以引导多种从句。如引导定语从句，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系，that在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；that引导的同位语从句作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明，是前面名词的具体内容，与所修饰的名词之间是同位关系，但是这个that只起连接主从句的作用，在从句中不担当任何成分。如：

The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息让大家都感兴趣。（定语从句，若把that去掉，后面的从句he told us不完整）

The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句，若把that去掉，后面的从句she had passed the exam 仍是完整的句子）

2. that在名词性从句中只起连接作用，无意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，且在宾语从句中有时可省；what和which在名词性从句中既起连接作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(但在名词性从句中只有what可作表语），而且what无范围、which有范围。如：

What surprised me most was that such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.

Can you tell me which is better exercise―swimming or tennis?

例2 答案为A。what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句。

拓 展

例2还可以进行以下改动：

It is known to us all that many young students are the iPod fans. （it作形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句）

As is known to us all, many young students are the iPod fans. （as引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首）

例3 答案为B。nobody could lift中lift没有宾语，因此用关系代词as引导定语从句，代替先行词在从句中作lift的宾语。如果在本题lift后加上it，则答案选A。

拓 展

定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；如：

It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）

而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：

It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）

例4 答案为D。where引导表语从句，意为“这正是我不同意的地方”。

拓 展

where还常引导定语从句和状语从句。如：

Put the book where it was. （状语从句）

= Put the book at the place where it was. （定语从句）

I will go where I am needed most. （状语从句）

= I will go to the place where I am needed most. （定语从句）

大家注意观察可以发现定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。

例5 答案为D。whoever引导让步状语从句。A与C选项中时态错误，主句是一般将来时，从句需用一般现在时表示。

拓 展

“no matter ＋疑问词”只能引导状语从句，而“疑问词＋ever”既可引导状语从句又可引导名词性从句。如：

Whoever comes to the party will receive a gift.

English and French are taught here. You can choose whichever you like.

【小试牛刀】

一、 选择题：

1. When I got to the checkout counter, I realized I didn’t have enough money, so I kept ________ I really needed and left the rest.

A. what B. which C. that D. this

2. I don’t say I am against their plan. But the trouble is _____ they do doesn’t agree with what they say.

A. what that B. that what C. if what D. what if

3． What was it _________ caused the modem nations to change their mind _________ they should help to preserve the Roma’s history?

A. 不填 ; why B. that ; that C. that ; 不填 D. what ; that

4． Patience is a kind of quality―and that’s ________ it takes to do things well.

A. what B. how C. which D. why

5. ―The thread of my kite broke and it flew away.

―I had told you it would easily break ____ it was the weakest.

A. when B. where C. unless D. since

6. You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again.

A. the place where B. where C. there D. in the place

7. A forest is usually found _______ heavy rainfall is frequent.

A. there B. which C. where D. because

8. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has developed gradually.

A. that B. where C. which D. whose

9． You’d better give the task to _______ you think can finish it ahead of time.

A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. no matter who

10． _______ others say, the expert is sure that his theory is correct.

A. No matter B. It doesn’t matter

C. Whatever D. What

二、 请用 it , as, what和that完成下列句子：

11. _________ is known to us all, paper was first made in China.

12. _________ is known to us all that paper was first made in China.

13. _________ is known to us all is that paper was first made in China.

14. He is such a good teacher _________ all of us love and respect.

15. He is such a good teacher _________ we all like him.

Keys: 1~5 ABBAB 6~10 BCBAC 11. As 12. It 13. What 14. as

15. that