论英语谚语的特点与翻译

contents

acknowledges ii

contents iii

english abstract iv

chinese abstract v

part i

introduction 1

part ii

characteristics of english proverbs 1

1. many eloquence characteristics 2

2. deep thought and moral 3

3. bright ethnic and geographical characteristics 4

part iii

cultural backgrounds of english proverbs 5

1. traditional customs 5

2. religion 7

3. historical stories and literary works 8

part iv

translation methods of english proverbs 10

1. literal translation 10

2. free translation 11

3. substitution translation 12

4 .combination of literal and free translation 14

part v

conclusion 16

references 18

abstract

the author of this paper tries to prove that english proverbs, which are the gems of the english language, have such close relations to british culture that they truly reflect the colorful life of british people throughout history. from the perspective of language form, english proverbs are characterized by religious structure, concise form, deep moral, bold image, unique geography and ethnic characteristics, and from the perspective of cultural backgrounds, they are associated with religious beliefs，habits and customs，fables and myth，and culture and art. so it is not an easy job for our chinese people to translate english proverbs precisely. in the end of the paper, the author proposes four translation methods of english proverbs: literal translation，free translation，substitution translation，literal translation combined with free translation．

key words： english； proverb； translation； culture

摘 要

英语谚语是英国人民智慧的结晶。作者从语言形式上介绍了英语谚语的特点：简练的文字，短小的形式，鲜明的比喻，深刻的寓意，具有鲜明的民族特色和地方色彩等。同时，作者从文化背景方面介绍了英语谚语的产生与英国的传统习俗，，典故及其文学作品有关， 正是以上这些因素使得英语谚语翻译比较困难。最后，作者分析了英语谚语的四种翻译方法：直译，同义谚语套用法，意译，直译与意译相结合。

关键词： 英语；谚语；翻译；文化

part i

introduction

like other nation’s proverbs, english proverbs are the essence of english people’s wisdom. a well-translated english proverb can not only teach, enlighten and persuade people, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture. so it is necessary to study a nation’s proverbs when we try to study its language and culture．

english proverbs have many characteristics, such as religious structure, concise form, deep moral, bold image, unique geographical and ethnic characteristics. these characteristics make difficulties for us to translate english proverbs if we want to keep the original proverb’s language form and taste.

moreover, because of the differences of religious beliefs，habits and customs，fables and myth，and culture and art，english proverbs and chinese proverbs carry on the different national cultural characteristics and information. if we do not know these cultural backgrounds, we cannot understand the english proverb’s connotation and cannot translate them precisely. to our chinese people with a little cultural knowledge about english, it is very difficult for us to understand and translate english proverbs. so when studying english, we should try to study its culture firstly.

in order to present an adequate translation of a proverb，we can use the four translation methods flexibly：literal translation，free translation，substitution translation，literal translation combined with free translation．when translating, we should try to choose a proper translation method firstly. secondly, we should translate the proverb’s connotation. meanwhile, we should try to keep the original proverb’s form.

in this paper, the author aims to introduce the characteristics of english proverbs, and discuss the four translation methods and their advantages respectively．

part ii

characteristics of english proverbs

english proverbs have the same characteristics like the other nations' proverbs. they are produced orally by farmers, hunters, workers, sailors, housewives, etc, so they conclude british people’s experience of fighting with the society and nature, and have the function of teaching, enlightening, and persuading people. english proverbs possess the following characteristics.

1. many eloquence characteristics

1.1 oral and concise words

we all know that english proverbs are produced by british working people orally, so the words of english proverbs are very concise and oral. when we translate them, we should try our best to keep the original proverb’s oral characteristic. for example, “bad workmen quarrel with their tools.”拙工咎器.(彭小红，2005). obviously, we can see that the translation is more formally, and it will lose its oral characteristic. so the above one should be translated like this, “拙工常怨工具差” , which will be easier for people to recite.

now we will give two kinds of translations of some english proverbs. from these translations, we can see that the second translation is more popular, and is easier for people to recite.

1. well begun is half done.

能言其始，事已成半。（良好的开端是成功的一半。）

2. waste not, want not.

俭以防匮。（不浪费，不愁缺。）

3. a good beginning makes a good ending.

欲善其终，必先善其始。（有了好的开始，才有好的结果。）

4. a danger foreseen is half avoided.

预见其患，则患不足惧。（预见了危险，就等于防备了一半。）

1.2 syntax structure and rhythm

moreover, when we read proverbs, we will find that the syntax structure of english proverbs is compact and symmetrical; and the rhythm is gentle and united. for example, “you may take a horse to the water, but you can not make it drink” (陈红玉，2002) . if we translate it like this, 你把马牵到河边去，但不能叫它饮水, it will lose the characteristics of concise words, symmetrical and compact syntax structure and gentle rhythm. so it is better for us to translate like this, 牵马河边易，逼马饮水难.

proverbs have the characteristics of concise and oral word, symmetrical and compact syntax structure and gentle rhythm. therefore, when we translate them, we should try our best to keep these characteristics. only in this way, can the translation have the taste of proverb.

2. deep thought and moral

like other proverbs, english proverbs imply deep thought and moral. they usually express people’s noble thought, and they can teach, encourage, enlighten and persuade people, like people’s good friends and motto. for example,

1. fish and guests smell in three day.

鱼不过三日鲜，言不过三日亲。

2. a wise man thinks all that he says; a fool says that entire he thinks.

智者思其所言，愚者言其所思。

3. learning is better than house and land.

学富五车胜过万贯家财。

4. a hedge between keeps friendship green.

君子之交淡如水。

5. all that glitters is not gold.

闪亮的不一定都是金子。

6. complacency is the enemy of study.

学习的敌人是自己的满足。

7. failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

8. knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.

博学使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。

9. no rose without a thorn.

没有不带刺的玫瑰。

10. pleasure comes through toil.

苦尽甘来。

3. bright ethnic and geographical characteristics

english proverbs are based english cultural backgrounds. when we read english proverbs, we cannot stop to imagine the english history, geography, customs, politics, economy, etc. obviously, english proverbs have bright ethnic and geographical characteristics. therefore, when we translate this kind of proverbs, we should try our best to keep the original proverbs' ethnic and geography characteristics. now we will take some proverbs as examples following with two kinds of translations. we can compare which one is better to keep the ethnic and geographical characteristics of proverbs.

1. talk of the devil and he is sure to appear.

说到魔鬼，魔鬼就到。（说曹操，曹操到。）

2. two heads are better than one.

两个人的头脑总比一个的好。（三个丑皮匠顶个诸葛亮。）

3. beauty lies in lover’s eyes.

情人眼里出美人。（情人眼里出西施。）

4. do not cross the bridge until you come to it.

船到桥头自然直。（不要杞人忧天。）

5. never offer to teach fish to swim.

不要教鱼儿游水。（不要班门弄斧。）

we all know that “曹操 ，诸葛亮，西施，杞人，鲁班”are the unique people in chinese history. if we choose the second translation, our chinese people will make a misunderstanding that there are also曹操 ，诸葛亮，西施，杞人，鲁班 in britain. on the contrary, the first kind of translation implies the bright ethnic and geographical characteristics, and people can easily know that they are english proverbs but not chinese ones.

part iii

cultural backgrounds of english proverbs

proverbs are based a nation’s unique cultural backgrounds. human culture has much in common, but also has much in difference. the differences of the traditional customs, religions and historical stories and some other literature works make proverbs have strong cultural characteristics. if we want to master a foreign language, we must know the specialty of the foreign country’s cultural backgrounds. in the following part, we will talk about the cultural backgrounds of english proverbs: traditional customs, religion and historical stories and some other literature works, which will help us understand the english proverbs well, then translate them precisely and faithfully.

1. traditional customs

every nation has its own traditional culture, in which its own traditional customs, are different from others. these differences reflect the bright national feeling and characteristics. for example, people from different nations have different feelings to the same animal.

1.1 bat

in china, bat stands for “happiness”. because in chinese, the pronunciation of “蝠 ” is the same as “福”(happiness), chinese people think that bat is a lucky thing meaning happiness. on the contrary, bat stands for an unlucky thing in britain, which we can see from many english proverbs. for example,“ as blind as a bat. 有眼无珠”.

1.2 dog

in china, although some people feed dogs, most people abhor and despite this kind of animal psychologically. they often compare dogs with bad people or some disgusted things. on the contrary, englishmen like dogs, because they think that dogs can hunt with them and look their homes. they regard dogs as their companions and pets. therefore, in many english proverbs, british people often compare dogs with people. for example,

1. beat the dog before the lion.

杀鸡给猴看。

2. better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.

宁为鸡头，勿为凤尾。

3. love me, love my dog.

爱屋及乌

4. every dog has its day.

凡人皆有得意时。

5. let the sleeping dog lie.

别惹是生非。

6. barking dogs do not bite.

吠犬不咬人

7. dog does not eat dog.

同类不相残.

8. a good dog deserves a good bone.

有功者受赏.

1.3 dragon

dragon is an imaginary animal with wings and claws, able to breathe out fire. in china, dragon is regarded as an auspicious deity standing for emperor. so chinese people adore it very much, and compare themselves with dragon, such as“炎黄子孙”,“龙的传人” and “望子成龙”. but in british mythology, dragon is a fierce and cruel animal with four feet, which is a synonym of evil. so dragon is a derogatory sense in britain. for example, to sow dragon’s teeth，播下不和的种子；to chase the dragon. 服用鸦片／海洛因。

2. religion

2.1 christianity

we all know that buddhism has great influence on chinese culture. so there are many chinese proverbs referring to buddhism, for example, “借花献佛” “闲时不烧香，临是抱佛脚” . however, britain is a nation which is influenced deeply by christianity. there are many english proverbs referring to god, heaven, devil, hell, etc. for example,

1. go through hell and high water.

赴汤蹈火。

2. god helps those who help themselves.

自助者，神助之。

3. talk of the devil and he will appear.

说到魔鬼，魔鬼就到。

4. man proposes, god disposes.

谋事在人,成事在天.

5. mills of god grind slow but sure.

天网恢恢,疏而不漏.

2.2 bible

we all know that bible is a book referring to christianity, and it is also an essential book in every english family. even though in a small poor village, you will find that there is a bible in every farmer’s austere house. obviously, bible has controlled english people’s spirit and every aspect of their life, which has been reflected in many english proverbs. for example, forceful as samson 像参孙一样力大无比, (朱艳，2002). samson is one of the most famous giants in bible. he was full of plentiful energy, which god jehovah gave him. samson once mangled a lion without any weapon as he ripped a little lamb. moreover, he once used a jawbone of an ass to kill 1000 philistines. unfortunately, philistines seized him, and they scratched his couple of eyes. with great angry, samson pushed over philistine’s house, which just smashed 3000 philistines. at the same time, he was also smashed by the fallen house. therefore, in britain, samson symbolizes person who is with great energy.

there are many english proverbs coming from bible. for example,

1. spare the rid and spoil the child.

舍不得棍子，宠坏了孩子。

2. beard the lion in his den.

老虎嘴里拔牙，太岁头上动土。

3. there is nothing new under the sun.

天地之大，无奇不有。

4. cast your pearls before swine.

对牛弹琴.

5. judge not according to appearance.

勿以貌取人.

bible has figured many people with vivid individuality. now, we know that bible plays an important part in british people’s life. if we do not know the literature illusions and proverbs from bible, we cannot study english well. so, if you want to translate vividly and concisely, please read bible！it will give you great help.

3. historical stories and literary works

we all know that every nation has its own culture and history, so every nation has its own unique literature works. in china, confucianism and taoism influence people greatly. however, in britain, people are influenced greatly by greece fables, aesop’s fables and some other literature works, such as shakespeare’s works, and many proverbs are originated from them. therefore, if we do not know these historical stories well, we cannot translate precisely. take an english proverb originated from aesop’s fables as an example, “do not be a dog in the manger”站着茅坑不拉屎, (朱艳，2002). the story is like this, a dog grabs the battle’s manger without making good use of it, and it never eats the hay that the cattle wants to eat. so this proverb’s connotation is to satire a person who commandeers wealth, resource and position without making good use of them. meanwhile, he impediments the other people to own them.

there are many proverbs of this kind. the following are as examples,

1. do not change horse in the middle stream. 河中莫换马，临阵莫换将。

it is originated from a historical story in england.

2. he has burnt his bridges behind him. 破釜沉舟，背水一战。

it is originated from a historical story in roman.

3. grasp all, lose all. 欲尽得，必尽失。

it is originated from aesop’s fables

4. happy is the man who learnt from the misfortunes of others. 前车之鉴，后人之福。

it is originated from aesop’s fables

5. when greeks meet greeks, then comes the tug of war. 两雄相争，其争必烈。

it is originated from greece fables.

6. one falls into scylla in seeking to avoid charybdis. 才离狼窝，又入虎口。

it is originated from greece fables.

7. uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 位高心不宁。

it is originated from shakespeare’s famous play- henry ⅳ.

8. practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

it is originated from english poet, christopher anstey. (安斯泰，1724-1805)

9. a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。

it is originated from one of the most important poets in england, pope. (薄柏，1688-1744)

10. curiosity killed the cat.多一事不如少一事。

it is originated from thomas gray, a famous english poet in 18th century. (托马斯?格雷 1716- 1771)

part iv

translation methods of english proverbs

from the above discussion, we know that proverbs have bright cultural backgrounds and ethnic and geographical characteristics. if we do not master enough english cultural backgrounds, we cannot understand their true meanings and connotations. when we translate proverbs, we should first deal with the discrepancy between language and culture. we should not only translate the proverb’s connotation, form and eloquence, but also the ethnic and local characteristics. only in this way, can we translate the proverbs exactly and accurately. according to the different characteristics of proverbs, we will mainly introduce four translation methods?literal translation, substitution translation, free translation and combination of literal and free translation.

1. literal translation

literal translation, which is a main translation method, means we need to translate proverbs literally. some english proverbs and chinese proverbs have the same form and meaning, and these english proverbs do not have too many cultural backgrounds. it is easy for the readers to understand them. when translating this kind of proverbs, we can translate them literally. this approach can not only keep the original proverb’s form and meaning, but also can be easily understood by readers. what is important of all, literal translation can transplant the english proverbs into chinese culture. we all know that english proverbs have many fresh expressive methods and comparisons. we can introduce these fresh expressive methods and comparisons into china. finally, these english proverbs will enrich chinese language and culture. now we will give some proverbs with two kinds of translations--the first one is free translation and the second one is literal translation.

1. an unfortunate man would be drowned in a teacup.

倒霉的人经不起风浪。（一人倒霉，一杯茶也能淹死。）

2. bind the sack before it be full.

凡事适可为止。（带子装满前要扎住。）

3. draw not your bow till your arrow is fixed.

三思而后行。（箭没搭好，先别拉弓。）

4. a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

十赊不如一现。（双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。）

5. old birds are not to be caught with chaff.

没有经验的人易上圈套。（秕糠捉不住老鸟。）

6. catch the bear before you sell the skin.

不要高兴得太早。（没有捉住熊，先不要卖皮。）

7. when the cat is away, the mice will play.

阎王不在，小鬼跳梁。（猫儿不在，老鼠成精。）

8. learn to creep before you leap.

按部就班，循序渐进。（先学爬，再学走。）

from the above example, we can see that literal translation can keep the original proverb’s vivid comparison. it is not only easier for people to understand, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture.

2. free translation

every country has its own unique culture. so every nation’s customs, experience and observation are different. english proverbs contain some unique historical stories and cultural backgrounds, and our chinese people are not familiar with the comparisons in these english proverbs. if we translate them literally with explanations or footnotes, the translation may express the original proverb’s literal meaning, but this translation makes proverbs lose their characteristics—concise words, precise structure, short form, etc. meanwhile, we can not find the chinese proverb with the same meaning to translate it. in this situation, we should use free translation method. for example, “choose a wife on a saturday rather than a sunday” (包通法?徐洁，2002). if we translate it literally like this, “择妻宜在星期六，不宜在星期日”, it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand it, because this proverb implies british religious custom. in britain, people believe christianity, every sunday people will take off their working suits, and put on their best beautiful clothes going to the church to do church, and “a saturday” means the working days. this proverb implies that when people choose girlfriend, he should pay attention to her usual behaviors rather than her beautiful appearance. so if we translate it according to its connotation like this, 择妻宜重德，不可只重貌 /择妻看平时，不宜重衣着, it is easier for our chinese people to understand it.

there are many english proverbs translated freely. for example,

1. two can play the game.

孤掌难鸣。

2. new broom sweeps clean.

新官上任三把火。

3. the grass is greener on the other side of the hill.

这山望着那山高。

4. putting the cart before the horse.

本末倒置。

5. a little bait catches a large fish.

本大利小。

6. there are more ways of killing a cat than by choking it with cream.

别在一棵树上吊死。

7. love me little, love me long.

细水长流爱最甜。

8. the best friends must apart.

天下没有不散的宴席。

9. experience is the best teacher.

经一事，长一智。

10. a contented mind is a perpetual feast.

知足常乐。

11. ask your purse what you buy.

量入为出。

3. substitution translation

substitution translation, which means we use the chinese proverb with the same meaning to translate english proverb. we all know that human culture has much in difference, but also has much in common. proverbs are produced in people’s working and daily life. therefore, human being’s experience and observation have much in common, which are reflected on proverbs. many english and chinese proverbs have the same meaning, connotation and persuading way. in this situation, we should translate them by substitution translation. for example, “wall have ears” (白纯，2003)，which has the same meaning and connotation with the chinese proverb, “隔墙有耳”, so we should choose substitution translation method.

there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,

1. strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

2. constant dropping wears the stone.

滴水穿石。

3. misfortunes never come alone.

祸不单行。

although human being’s experience and observation have much in common, english and chinese culture have great differences, which are also reflected in the proverbs. some english and chinese proverbs have the same meaning and connotation, but they have different eloquence. if we translate them literally, it is difficult for our chinese people to understand their connotation. in this situation, we should translate them by substitution translation. for example, “a cornered cat becomes as fierce as a lion” (张毓彪，2005). if we translate it literally like this, “被逼得走投无路的猫, 会像狮子一样凶猛” , maybe our chinese people can understand its connotation, but this kind of translation will lose the proverb’s characteristic of concise words. in this situation, we should try to find a chinese proverb with the same meaning and connotation to translate it. we can translate it like this, “狗急跳墙”, which will be easy for our chinese people to understand and read it.

there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,

1. birds of a feather flock together.

物以类聚，人以群分。

2. go to the sea, if you would fish well.

不如虎穴，焉得虎子；不入大海，难擒蛟龙。

3. great oaks from little acorns grow.

合抱之木，生于毫末；千里之行始于足下。

4. kill two birds with one stone.

一箭双雕，一石二鸟。

5. one rotten apple spoils the barrel.

一粒老鼠屎弄坏一锅粥。

6. the fox preys farthest from his home.

兔子不吃窝边草。

7. rome was not built in a day.

冰冻三尺非一日之寒。

8. if you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

书山有路勤为径，学海无崖苦做舟。

9. it takes three generations to make a gentleman.

十年树木，百年树人。

4. combination of literal and free translation

when translating english proverbs, we will find a problem that some english proverbs have complicated historical and cultural backgrounds. if we adopt literal translation method, it can express the proverb’s literal meaning, but it can not express the primary proverb’s connotation well; if we use free translation method, though its connotation is well expressed, the vivid comparison will be lost. in this situation, we should translate proverbs by combining literal and free translation. this method will make the translation express both the primary proverb’s literal meaning and connotation. for example, “a cat has nine lives” 猫有九条命，竹有千重根 (王书亭、王建明，2004). in britain, people hold a religious view that cat has strong life power, because when people throw it down from a high place, the cat can stand firmly on the floor without being injured. moreover, cat is very clever and flexible, so it is difficult to kill it. so people use the proverb “a cat has nine lives” to imply people who have strong life power or people who can escape from dangerous situation easily. however, in china, our chinese people do not know the story. if we translate this proverb literally like this, “猫有九条命”, it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand the connation of the proverb; if we translate it by free translation like this, “竹有千重根”, it is easy for our chinese people to understand the connation of the proverb, but it is very difficult for our chinese people to understand why english people compare cat with people having strong life power. in this situation, we should translate it by combination of literal and free translation like this, “猫有九条命，竹有千重根”, which will make the translation keep both its literal meaning and connotation.

there are many proverbs of this kind, for example,

1. little pitchers have long ears.

壶小嘴长, 人小耳尖.

2. a single flower does not make a spring.

一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

3. fish begins to stink at the head.

鱼烂头先臭，国败官先腐。

4. never buy a pig in a poke.

雾里看花，走眼；隔袋买猪，受骗。

5. still water run deep.

水静流深，人静心深。

6. never do things by halves.

半途而废不成事，善始善终成大业。

7. the proof of the pudding is in the eating.

亲自下河知深浅，亲尝布丁知酸甜。

8. money begets money.

钱生钱，利生利。

9. a drowning man will catch a straw.

溺水抓稻草，病急乱投医。

10. do not change horse in mid-stream.

河中莫换马，临阵莫换将。

part v

conclusion

proverb is a vivid carrier of a country’s history and culture．it is the wisdom of people from all walks of life．bacon, a famous english philosopher once said, “the genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs”. (谚语是一个民族天才,智慧和精神的体现.) proverb shows the development of every society．english proverb, likes a mirror, can reflect a nation’s whole culture, and it is also like a window, which can display the nation’s culture. a well-translated proverb can not only teach, enlighten and persuade people, but also can enrich our chinese language and culture.

english proverbs have the characteristics of concise structure, short form, precise words, deep meaning, vivid comparison, and bright ethnic and geographical characteristics. in addition, english proverbs have distinctive cultural backgrounds. they reflect british nation’s traditional customs, religion, and fables and myth, etc. all these elements cause the difficulty of translating english proverbs.

the most important thing of translating proverbs are the exact translation of the connotation of the original article，and give consideration to the literal meaning under the situation of no cultural conflict，and actually translate the appreciation or the depreciation of the original article according to the concrete language situation．when translating english proverbs, firstly we should understand the proverb’s cultural connotation verily. secondly, we should pay attention to translate proverbs with precise words, short form, oral and popular style, etc. finally, we should flexibly choose the proper translation method according to different situation and need. only in this way, can we translate english proverbs precisely and faithfully.

references

[1]bassnett, susan. 2004. translation studies [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[2]claire, kramsch. 2000. language and culture [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[3]fernando, chitra. 2006. idioms and idiomaticity [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[4]newmark, peter. 2001. approaches to translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[5]newmark, peter. 2001. a textbook of translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[6]nida, eugene a. 1993. language and culture: contexts in translation [m]. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

[7] 白纯，2003，英语谚语的文化内涵与翻译方法[j]，《黑龙江教育学院学报》第1期。

[8] 包惠南，2005，《文化语境与语言翻译》[m]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。

[9] 包通法、徐洁，2002， 跨文化交流中英语谚语的翻译[j]，《江南大学学报》第4期。

[10] 陈红玉，2002，英语谚语的文化内涵与翻译[j]，《青海大学学报》（自然科学版）第4 期。

[11] 丁关中，1992，《英语谚语大词典》[c]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。

[12] 方梦之，2005，《英汉翻译辨析》[m]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。

[13] 方梦之，2005，《英汉翻译基础教程》[m]。 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。

[14] 江峰、丁丽军，2005，《实用英语翻译》[m]。.北京：电子工业出版社。

[15] 李长忠、赵修臣，1994，《 学英语规律手册》[c]。 北京：中国书籍出版社。

[16] 陆克、刘静萍，2004，《英语翻译焦点答疑》[c]。大连：大连理工出版社。

[17] 彭小红，2005，浅谈英语谚语的翻译[j]，《江西师范大学学报》（哲学社会科学版），第3 期。

[18] 王书亭、王建明，2005，《英语流行谚语》[c]。东营：石油大学出版社。

[19] 吴友富，2000，《外语与文化研究》[m]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。

[20] 武世花，2005，谈英语谚语的几种译法[j]，《镇江高专学报》，第4 期。

[21] 张皓，2003，谈英语谚语的翻译[j]，《焦作师范高等专科学校学报》，第12 期。

[22] 张毓彪，2005，英语谚语的分类与翻译[j]，《成都教育学院学报》第6期。

[23] 周亚娟，2003，试论英语谚语的翻译[j]，《温州大学学报》，第9期。

[24] 朱艳，2002，英语学习四十年精选之语言，文化卷《话里话外》[c]。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

[25] 英语谚语500句，中国翻译家联盟， .。