建造合同范文

时间:2023-10-05 00:10:30

建造合同

建造合同篇1

“业主”指_________。

“承包商”指_________。

“工厂”指在附录_________中指定的构成固定设备的全部机器、设备和材料。

“工地”指按本合同用于建造工厂的全部土地。

“工程”指承包商按本合同实施的工程。

“合同价格”指业主向承包商支付的全部工程款项。

第二条 承包商的职责

1.承包商应负责设计、筹划以及在工地上建造工厂。

2.除了业主根据第_________条提供的项目和设施,承包商应提供所有为使工厂成功建造所必需的设备、材料、工具、设施、劳工和服务。

3.承包商应根据附录_________中的日程安排施工。

4.承包商应根据附录_________中的规定为业主培训工厂设备的操作和维修人员。

5.承包商应向业主提供附录_________中规定的备件。

6.承包商应向业主提供附录_________中指定的维修设备。

第三条 业主的职责

1.业主应提供工地,并在本合同有效期内允许承包商自由地、不受干扰地出入该工地。

2.业主应按时提供附录_________中指定的物件和设施。

3.业主将从有关部门获取为工厂建造、设备运行所必需的执照和许可证,包括承包商雇员的工作许可证。

4.业主应按第_________条中规定的合同价格向承包商支付工程款项。

第四条 合同价格

1.在本合同生效后_________天内,业主应向承包商支付金额为合同价格,作为承包商完成该工程并承担本合同规定的所有义务的全部报酬。

2.合同价格不再上调,完成工种的成本风险应由承包商承担,商定合同价格时应认为承包商已获得全部信息并已把所有可能影响成本的因素估计在内。

第五条 设计图样

1.承包商应根据合同,在附录_________规定的时间内向业主提交工厂建造所需的图样,供业主审批。业主应在收到这些图样后一个月内,对图样进行审核,并作出批准或不批准的决定。

2.承包商应对上述图样中的任何缺点、错误或疏漏负责,除非这种缺点、错误或疏漏是因业主书面提供的不准确信息所致。

3.业主或承包商互相提供的所有图样和技术资料,收到方应作为机密文件对待,除非另有商定,收到方不得将这些图样和资料用于与本合同无关的其他目的。

第六条 检验

1.承包商应该按法律和正常的工程惯例的要求,负责工厂所有的检验和试验工作。

2.业主有权在任何适当时间对建造中的工厂的材料和工艺进行检验和测试,费用自理。这种检验或测试不能免除承包商在合同中应尽的任何义务。

3.完工后的工厂应由业主进行检验和测试;工厂何时可以测试,承包商应提前以书面形式通知业主。

4.承包商应根据业主的合理要求,为彻底而有效的检测提供所需要的协助、劳力、材料、电力、燃料、设备、备用品和仪器。

5.工厂通过上述测试后,业主应向承包商签发一份表示通过测试的证书。检测中发现的任何问题未圆满解决,工厂不得移交。

第七条 工地

1.承包商应在工地上提供所有令业主满意的材料、劳力、设备、服务和便利,以便顺利施工和完工。

2.在总体上得到上述保证的前提下,承包商应提供下列各项必需品:

a.建筑设备;

b.工地上使用的运输工具,包括临时道路;

c.保护人员和财产安全所需的篱笆、灯光、岗哨以及所有其他材料和服务;

d.为材料和施工人员(包括业主雇员)提供临时仓库、办公室和其他房屋建筑;

e.在整个工程移交之前提供电话、灭火设备和急救设备;

f.供施工人员使用的卫生设备和食堂。

3.承包商应遵守当地法律规定的所安全及其他条例。

4.无论何时,承包商都不应在业主的房产及其邻近建筑物、车道和街道上堆积施工用建筑材料和建筑垃圾,工程完工后,应从建筑物及其周围清除所有用剩的材料,保持工地和工厂安全、整洁,以备使用。

第八条 承包商的工作人员

1.承包商将自费为其全部工作人员提供饮食、交通及一切必要的便利。

2.合同签署后,承包商应指定一名项目经理,在工程进行过程中全权代表承包商。他将在工作时间内坐镇施工现场。业主向项目经理发出的所有指示,如同发给承包商本人一样,同样具有约束力。

3.如果业主认为工地上承包商的雇员品行不端、不能胜任工作或有失职行为,可要求承包商将此人调离或更换。

第九条 责任

1.在工厂被最终验收之前,承包商应对工厂的任何损失或损坏负责,并自费将其修复,直至业主满意。然而,如果根据本合同,这类损坏的责任不在承包商,而业主要求予以修复,承包商应按业主指示办理,但费用由业主负担。

2.在最后验收合格证书签发之前,凡因承包商或其分包商的疏忽,或设计、材料或工艺上的缺陷而产生的任何财产损失或人身伤害,承包商应向业主赔偿,并保护业主免受由此而产生的各种诉讼、索赔、要求或费用支出。

3.如果业主因某种原因遭受索赔或诉讼,而按本条款规定承包商应该或可能对该事由承担法律责任,则业主应立即书面通知承包商。承包商应以业主名义接手并通过谈判处理解决或能由此而产生的诉讼,并承担一切费用。如承包商要求,业主应向承包商提供承包商为处理此类索赔或诉讼所需要的所有资料和帮助。

第十条 保险

1.在不限制承包商责任的情况下,承包商将自费投保下列险:

a.机器设备从工厂交货到目的地的运输险。

b.为承包商和分包商的所的雇员投保雇员赔偿险,或者根据适用的法律和法规投保类似的法定社会保险。

c.防备财产损坏或人身伤害的产品责任险,期限到维修期结束,每次事件的金额不少于_________美元。

d.对承包商或其分包商在执行本合同中使用的所有车辆投保综合汽车责任险。

2.上述保险单应以承包商及其分包商、业主、及其工程师、顾问、雇员、人为联合投保人。保险单应包含保险人放弃对业主及其工程师、顾问、雇员及人的代位权之条款。

3.承包商应保持上述保单的完全有效性,直到本合同对其规定的义务解除为止。业主有权随时索取保单、背书、续保和保险费收据的复印件。如果承包商未能全面投保,业主应有权代表承包商办理上述保险,支付所有相关保费,并从支付给承包商的款项中扣除有关费用。

第十一条 完工

1.一俟工厂的全部建设和安装工程完工,承包商应通知业主,并根据附录_________的规定进行机械安装完成测试工作,直至业主满意。

2.测试圆满结束后,业主应签发一份完工证明书。在完工证明书签发之前,不得给工厂进料。

3.如果在建造和安装中出现不影响完成安装的小缺陷,或者在测试中测出不影响工厂开工的缺陷,业主应签发完工证明书,而承包商则有义务尽快修复这些不足之处。

第十二条 最后验收

1.完工证明书颁发之后,承包商应提前_________天将工厂性能测试的时间通知业主。

2.为使测试准时开始,业主应按附录_________中的要求提供原料和其他设备,而承包商应按通知的时间开始性能测试。

3.性能测试将按附示_________的规定进行。测试成功后,业主应签发一份最后验收证明书,证明工厂已从证书签发日起移交业主。

4.如果工厂未能通过性能测试,承包商在进行他认为必要的调整之后,应在业主在场的情况下重新进行测试,时间由双方商定,条件照旧。

5.在最后验收合格证书签发之前,工厂不得投入商业性运转。如工厂未能通过性能测试,业主仍可酌情颁发最后验收合格证书,条件是承包商必须尽快纠正工厂存在的问题。

第十三条 违约赔偿金

1.如果由于承包商的原因导致性能测试的再次失败,而双方并无继续重新测试的协议,则对最后一次测试的结果进行评估。承包商将根据附录_________的规定向业主支付违约赔偿费,费率不超过合同价格的_________%。

2.如果承包商因自身的原因未能在合同生效后的_________个月内获得整个工厂的最后验收合格证书,承包商须根据附录_________的规定向业主每月支付相当于合同价格_________%的拖延赔偿费,但最多不超过合同价格的_________%。

3.承包商应根据附录_________规定的格式开立一份以业主为受益人、金额为合同价格_________%的保证书,作为其履行本条款项下义务的保证。

第十四条 保修

1.承包商保证,在最后验收合格证书签发日起_________个月内或本合同生效日期_________个月内(以先到日期为准),所提供的工厂无设计、材料和工艺上的缺陷。

2.发现问题后,如果承包商的代表在现场工作,业主应在_________天内按本条款以书面形式向承包商提出全部要求;如果承包商的代表不在现场,业主应在_________天内以航空邮件将确证材料发往承包商总公司。承包商应更换或修理所有有缺陷的零部件。为此,应允许承包商随时自由出入工地,检查缺损部件,使其能履行本保修条款。如果承包商因某种特殊情况未能在适当期限内进行双方同意的补救工作,业主有权自行修复,但费用由承包商负担。

3.本保修的先决条件是,业主须按承包商的指示和具体规定的性能参数对工厂进行装备、操作和维护。如果业主未经承包商同意试图自行修正,则本保修条款无效。

4.本保修条款不包括因自然损坏的物件,也不包括使用寿命不到_________个月的消耗品或类似物件。

5.如果承包商遵照上更换任何设备、材料或工艺,则本保修条款的规定也适用于经修理或更换的设备、材料或工艺,期限为从修理或更换完成之日起1年。

第十五条 专利权和专利使用费

1.承包商应全力保护业主在使用其提供的工帮时免遭因侵犯第三方的专利、设计或版权而面临的诉讼、索赔、要求和各种费用。

2.如果承包商提供的工程设计、工厂设备的制造和供应以及在工程建造中实施的工作或使用的方法涉及了第三方的专利,他也应向终第三方支付按许可证或许可知要款规定应支付的所有费用、专利使用费和其他款项。但是,如果业主在经营或使用该厂或其中任何部分时涉及了第三方的专利,他应向第三方支付按许可证或许可条款规定应支付的所有费用、专利使用费和其他款项。

第十六条暂停

1.业主有权随时向承包商发出书面通知,指示其暂停工程的任何部分或整个工程,如果暂停期超过_________天,则按合同第_________条规定作终止合同处理。

2.如果业主未能按照本合同在规定日期_________天内向承包商支付任何款项,或者如果承包商因业主在履行合同上的失误而被中断或拖延了工程的进行,承包商有权暂停执行本合同。

3.如果工程按本条款规定暂停,承包商有权收取附加费用,以补偿由于此类暂停、中断和拖延,以及本合同的合理延期执行所造成的成本增加。

第十七条 合同终止

1.按照第_________第规定,如果暂停时间持续超过_________天,任何一方都有权通知另一方立即终止本合同。

2.业主可以随时书面命令承包商停工,承包商在收到终止命令后应停止工地上所有的工作,但工程师出于保护、安全目的,或整理已建的或正在安装的工程,这类工作仍可继续。承包商在收到终止命令后,也应立即停止所有正在工地外进行的履行合同的工作。

3.根据本条款和第_________条规定,合同终止后,承包商有权收取下列费用:

a.与所完成的工程和劳务相应的那部分合同价格;

b.与已完成但未移交的工厂相应的那部分合同价格。

第十八条 不可抗力

1.如果任何一方因不可抗力而款能履行或推迟履行其义务,则不对另一方负责,也不应视作违反合同。

2.“不可抗力”指业主或承包商无法控制的情况,使当事人未能按本合同履行其义务,或者不得不延迟履行其义务。下列情况均被视作“不可抗力”:

a.战争、敌对事件、外敌行动、入侵、类似战争的军事行动(不管是事宣战)、内战;

b.士兵哗变、民众暴乱、军事叛乱、起义、造反、革命、篡权、或者任何个人代表某个组织或与某个组织有联系、旨在以暴力推翻合法或现存政府、或以恐怖主义或暴力对政府施加影响的行为;

c.地震、洪水、火灾或其他自然灾害;

d.所有港口、机场、船运或其他公共交通工具的使用均遭拒绝;

e.工人罢工、工厂停工、或其他的劳工联合行动,影响了承包商和分包商履行其义务;

f.当事人无法控制、从而使其不能履行义务的其他任何意外情况。

3.如果本合同任何一方因不可抗力不能或延迟履行本合同规定的任何义务,他可将不可抗力和由此造成的延迟或妨碍情况通知另一方。发出通知的一方允许根据具体情况及妨碍或延迟持续的时间免于履行或推迟履行合同。

4.根据本第款第3分条规定,如果任何一方免于履行或推迟履行其义务的时间持续了_________个月,那么任何一方都可随时向另一方发出书面通知,终止本合同。

第十九条 转让及分包

1.承包商有权按其惯例分包本合同或本合同的任何部分,而不解除承包商履行本合同的任何义务。

2.事先未经另一方书面同意,任何一方都不得将本合同或其中的权利、义务,或合同的任何部分转让或让与第三方,除非公司合并或改组。如出现此种情况,任何一方都不应毫无理由地予以拒绝。

第二十条 宣传

承包商在作与本合同相关的宣传材料的散发或公开宣布前,应征得业主的同意。

第二十一条 合同生效日

1.本合同生效日为双方签字后,业主获得当事人双方各自有关当局的所有必要批文之日。

2.如果本合同自签字之日起_________天内仍不能生效,合同即被视作无效,除非双方另有商定。

第二十二条 法律和规定

1.承包商应在与履行本合同有关的所有事务中遵守所有适用的法律、法规和命令。

2.本合同的解释、效力和履行,应完全以_________国的法律为准。

第二十三条 完整合同

1.本合同是与约双方之间的完整协议,它取代了以前所有与本合同事项有关的洽谈、说明及口头或书面协议。

2.对本合同的任何修改或补充,须经业主和承包商双方的书面同意。

第二十四条 合同语言

本合同以中文和英语起草,并以英文本为准,对方双均有约束力。

第二十五条 通知

1.按本合同发出的每个通知、同意、指示、命令或决定,应以书面形式发送。发送方式有:向对方有关官员当面递交,或预付邮资航空传递,或通过电报、电传,或先发电报后信件确认。通讯地址如下:

业主:_________;

承包商:_________。

2.如果通知、同意、请求和其他文件发往某个海外目的地,在邮寄日后第_________天应视作已经送交;如果发往国内目的地,在邮寄日后第_________天视作已经送交。用电报、电传发出的通知、同意或请求应视作当天送达。

3.按本条款发送的所有通知、同意、批示或决定,应由有关方正式授权的代表签字。任何一方任何时候如欲变动收件地址,应以书面形式通知对方。

承包商(盖章):_________ 业主(盖章):_________

代表人(签字):_________ 代表人(签字):_________

_________年____月____日_________年____月____日

签订地点:_________签订地点:_________

附件

article 1- definitions

"the owner" shall mean_________

"the contractor" shall mean_________

"the plant" shall mean all or any part of the machinery, equipment and materials forming the permanent installation as specified in appendix(_________).

"the site" shall mean all the land where the plant is to be constructed in accordance with this contract.

"the works" shall mean the works to be done by the contractor under this contract.

"the contract price" shall mean the total sum payable to the contractor by the owner for the works.

article 2- contractor's responsibilities

1. the contractor shall design, engineer, and construct the plant at the site.

2. the contractor shall provide all equipment, materials, tools, facilities, labour and services necessary for the successful construction of the plant except those items and facilities to be supplied by the owner under article (_________).

3. the contractor shall perform the works in accordance with the schedule in appendix (_________).

4. the contractor shall provide the owner's personnel with training of operation and maintenance of the plant in accordance with appendix (_________).

5. the contractor shall supply the owner with the spare parts specified in appendix (_________).

6. the contractor shall supply the owner with the maintenance equipment specified in appendix (_________).

article 3- owner's responsibilities

1. the owner shall make available the site and grant the contractor free and uninterrupted access thereto throughout the duration of this contract.

2. the owner shall provide those items and facilities specified in appendix (_________) at the time therein established.

3. the owner will obtain from the relevant authorities those licenses and permits necessary to construct and operate the plant on the site including work permit for the contractor's employees.

4. the owner shall pay the contractor for the works performed the contract price set out in article (_________).

article 4- contract price

1. within (_________) days after the effective date of this contract, the owner shall pay the contractor as full and complete compensation for accomplishing the works and assuming all obligations under this contract the contract price in the amount of _________.

2. the contract price is not subject to escalation, and the cost of executing the works shall be the risk of the contractor who shall be deemed to have obtained all information and taken into account all circumstances which may affect the cost in agreeing the contract price.

article 5- drawings

1. the contractor shall submit to the owner for approval and review within the time specified in appendix (_________) such drawings as may be required for construction of the plant under this contract. within one month after receiving such drawings the owner shall review and approve or disapprove the drawing.

2. the contractor shall be responsible for any defects, errors or omissions in the above drawings unless such defects, errors or omissions are caused by inaccurate information furnished in writing to the contractor by the owner.

3. all drawings and technical documentation delivered by the owner or the contractor to the other party shall be treated as confidential by the receiving party unless agreed otherwise, and shall not be used by that party for purposes other than those connected with this contract.

article 6- inspection

1. the contractor shall perform all inspection and testing of the plant required by law and normal engineering practice.

2. the owner shall be entitled at all reasonable times and at its own cost to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship of the plant under construction. such inspection, examination or testing if made shall not release the contractor from any obligation under the contract.

3. the completed plant shall be inspected, examined and tested by the owner, and the contractor shall give the owner reasonable notice in writing of the date on which the plant will be ready for testing.

4. the contractor shall provide such assistance, labour, materials, electricity , fuels, apparatus, stores and instruments as may be required and as may be reasonably demanded to carry out such tests by the owner properly and efficiently.

5. when the plant shall have passed the above tests, the owner shall furnish the contractor with a certificate in writing to that effect. no plant shall be delivered until any faults discovered during inspection are satisfactorily rectified.

article 7- inspection

1. the contractor shall provide at the site to the reasonable satisfaction of the owner all materials, labour, equipment, services and facilities that may be necessary for the proper execution and completion of the works. 2. without prejudice to the generality of the above, the contractor shall provide, as may be necessary, the following:

(1)construction equipment.

(2)means of transport within the site including temporary roadways.

(3)fencing, lighting and guarding and all other materials and services necessary for the safety and security of persons and property.

(4)temporary stores, offices and other buildings or structures for materials and persons engaged in the words, including persons employed by the owner.

(5)telephones, fire-fighting equipment and first-aid equipment until the whole works have been taken over.

(6)sanitary and canteen facilities for the use of persons engaged in the works.

3. the contractor shall observe all safety and other regulations imposed on the site by local laws.

4. the contractor shall at all times keep the owner's property and the adjoining premises, driveways and streets free of construction materials and rubbish caused by the works, and at the completion of the works shall remove all remaining materials from and about the premises and shall leave the site and plant safe, clean and ready for use.

article 8- inspection

1. the contractor will supply at his own cost food, transprot and all necessary facilities for all his own personnel.

2. on signing the contract, the contractor shall appoint a project manager who will represent the contractor at all times be present at the site during working hours. all communications issued by the owner to the project manager shall be binding as if given to the contractor.

3. the owner may request the removal and replacement of any person employed by the contractor on the site if such person is in the owner's opinion guilty of misconduct, incompetence or negligence.

article 9- inspection

1. the contractor shall be responsible for all losses of or damage to the plant before final acceptance, and shall make good al such loss or damage at the cost of the contractor and to the reasonable satisfaction of the owner provided, however, in the case of loss or damage to the plant arising from or occasioned by causes for which the contractor is mot responsible under the contract, the same shall be made good by the contractor but at the cost of the owner, if the owner so directs.

2. the contractor shall indemnify the owner in respect of all damage and injury occurring before the issue of the final acceptance certificate to any property and person and against all actions, suits, claims, demands, charges and expenses arising in connection therewith which shall be occasioned by the negligence of the contractor or any of his sub-contractors or by defective design, materials or workmanship but not otherwise.

3. in the event of any claim being made or actions brought against the owner arising out of any matter in respect of which the contractor is or may be liable under this article, the owner shall promptly notify the contractor in writing thereof and the contractor shall at his own expense take over and conduct in the name of the owner all negotiations for the settlement of the same and any litigation that may arise therefrom. the owner shall at the request of the contractor afford all such information and assistance as the contractor may reasonably require for the purpose of dealing with any such claim or action.

article 10- inspection

1. without limiting the contractor's liabilities the contractor will at his own expense take out the following insurance:

(1)transportation insurance on the machine and equipment from its delivery ex works to arrival at the site.

(2)workers compensation insurance for all contractor's and subcontractor's employees engaged or similar statutory social insurance in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations.

(3)product liability insurance against damage to property or injury to persons until the end of the maintenance period in the sum not less that (amount) us dollars per occurrence.

(4)comprehensive automobile liability insurance in respect of all vehicles used by the contractor or his sub-contractor in connection with his contract.

2. the aforesaid policies of insurance will be taken out in the names of the contractor and its sub-contractors, the owner, their engineer, consultant and employees and agents as the joint insured and the policies shall contain a waiver of insurer's rights of subrogation against the owner, its engineer, consultant and employees and agents.

3. the contractor shall maintain the aforesaid policies in full force and effect until the discharge of his obligations under this contract, and the owner shall have the right to demand from time to time copies of the policies, endorsements and renewals and receipts for payment of insurance premiums. if the contractor fails to maintain any of these policies in full force and effect, the owner shall have the right to rake out such policies and pay all relative premiums on behalf of the contractor and to deduct the relevant costs from and sums owing to the contractor.

article 11- inspection

1. on completion of all construction and erection work of the plant, the contractor shall inform the owner and shall carry out mechanical erection completion tests specified in appendix (_________) to the satisfaction of the owner.

2. on satisfactory completion of such tests the owner will issue a certificate of completion of erection of the plant. no feedstock shall be fed into the plant until a certificate of completion of erection has been issued.

3. in the event of minor deficiencies in the construction and erection work which do not prevent erection completion and/or in the event of defects revealed by the tests which do not prevent the start-up of the plant, the owner shall issue a certificate of completion of erection and the contractor shall be obliged to rectify the deficiencies as quickly as possible thereafter.

article 12- inspection

1. following the issue of the certificates of completion of erection the contractor shall give the owner (_________) days notice of the date when he will be ready to carry out performance tests of the plant.

2. the owner shall provide the feedstock and other facilities required in appendix (_________) to enable the tests to commence on time and the contractor shall begin the performance tests at the time so notified.

3. the performance tests will be carried out in acceptance with the provisions of appendix (_________) and on their successful completion, the owner shall issue a final acceptance certificate stating that the plant has been taken over by the owner as from the date thereof.

4. if the plant fails to pass its performance test, then the contractor, after making such adjustments as he considers necessary, shall repeat such tests in the presence of the owner at a time to be agreed upon under the same terms and conditions as the original tests.

5. the plant shall not be commercially operated before the issue of the final acceptance certificate. notwithstanding the failure of the plant to pass its performance tests, the owner may at his discretion issue a final acceptance certificate subject to the contractor remedying the plant defects as soon as possible.

article 13- inspection

1. in the event of any repeat of a performance test failing for reasons imputable to the contractor, and there being no mutual agreement to continue re-testing, the results of the final test will be measured and the contractor will be liable to pay to the owner liquidated damages on the scale set out in appendix(_________) up to a maximum of (_________)% of the contract price.

2. if the contractor is unable for reasons within his control to obtain a final acceptance certificate for the whole plant by(_________) months from the effective date of this contract, he shall be liable to pay to the owner for each month's delay liquidated damages of(_________)% of the contract price up to a maximum of (_________)% of the contract price in accordance with appendix(_________).

3. the contractor shall establish, in favour of the owner, a guarantee for(_________)% of the contract price in the form set out in appendix(_________) in support of his obligations under this article.

article 14- inspection

1. the contractor warrants, for a period of (_________) months from the date of issue of the final acceptance certificate or(_________) months from the effective date of this contract whichever is the earlier, the supplied plant against faulty design, material and workmanship.

2. the owner shall inform the contractor in writing of all claims arising under this provision within(_________)days of the detection of fault, if the contractor's representative is on site or within(_________)days if not, to the contractor's head office by telex r recorded air mail delivery with supporting data. the contractor shall have the option to replace or repair all parts proved deficient. for this purpose the contractor shall have the option to replace or repair all parts proved deficient. for this purpose the contractor shall have an access to the site to inspect the faulty parts at any time and to enable him to comply with the terms of this guarantee. should the contractor fail to carry out agreed remedial work within any period of time reasonable in the particular circumstance, the owner shall have the right to do this work at the contractor's expense.

3. this warranty is given subject to the owner storing, operating and maintaining the plant in accordance with the contractor's instructions and specified operating parameters and may be nullified in the event of the owner attempting rectification work without the contractor's agreement.

4. this warranty does not include items which fail due to natural wear and tear, or consumables or similar items whose natural life is (_________) months or less.

5. if pursuant to the above warranty the contractor repairs or replaces any equipment, materials or workmanship, the provisions of this article shall them apply to said repaired or replaced equipment, materials or workmanship for a period of one year from the date such repairs or replacements are completed.

article 15- patent rights and royalties

1. the contractor shall fully indemnify the owner against all actions, claims, demands, costs, charges and expenses arising from or incurred by reason of any infringement of patents, design or copyright of third parties by the use of the plant supplied by the contractor.

2. the contractor shall also be responsible for the payment to third parties of all fees, royalties and other charges, if and, that may be payable under the terms of any license or permission in respect of any design of the works provided by the contractor, the manufactured and supply of the plant and any work done or method employed in the construction of the works. however, the owner shall be responsible for the payment to third parties of all fees, royalties and other charges, if any, that may be payable under the terms of any license or permission in respect of the operation or use of the plant or any part thereof.

article 16- suspension

1. the owner shall have the right to instruct the contractor to suspend any part or the whole of the works at any time upon giving written notice to the contractor provided that any period of suspension exceeding (_________) days shall be treated as termination under article (_________)。

2. if the owner fails to make any payment to the contractor under this contract within (_________) days of the due date, or if the contractor is otherwise interrupted or delayed in the performance of the works due to the owner's contractual default, the contractor shall be entitled to suspend performance of this contract.

3. in the event of suspension of the works in accordance with this article the contractor shall be entitled to receive such reasonable additional payment as may be necessary to compensate for the additional costs arising out of such suspension, interruption or delay and such reasonable extension of time for performance of contract.

article 17- termination

1. in the event of suspension in accordance with article (_________) lasting for a period of more than (_________) days either party shall have the right to give notice to the other party of the immediate termination of this contract.

2. the owner may at any time by written order to the contractor order the contractor to cease further execution of the works, and the contractor shall upon receipt of a termination order, cease all further work on the site other than such work thereon as the engineer may instruct for the purpose of protecting, making safe or tidying up such parts of the works as may already have been executed or be in course of erection. the contractor shall, as soon as practicable after receipt of the termination order, also cease all such further work as is being done off the site in the performance of this contract.

3. upon termination of this contract under this article and under article (_________), the contractor shall be entitled to be paid:

(1)that part of the contract price which is proportionate to engineering and services carried out, and

(2)that part of the contract price which is proportionate to the plant completed but not delivered.

article 18- force majeure

1. no party to this contract shall be liable to the other party for any failure of or delay in performance of its obligations hereof nor be deemed to be in breach of this contract, if such failure or delay has arisen from "force majeure."

2. "force majeure" means circumstances and conditions beyond the control of either parties, that would render it impossible for either the owner or the contractor to fulfill their obligations under this contract, or delay such fulfillment. any of the following matters are considered "force majeure."

(1)war, hostilities, act of foreign enemy, invasion, warlike opera-tions (whether war to be declared or not) or civil war;

(2)mutiny, civil commotion assuming the proportions of or amounting to a popular rising, military rising, insurrection, rebellion, revolution, military or usurped power, or any act of any person acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization with activities directed towards the overthrow by force of the government de jure or de facto, or to the influencing of it by terrorism or violence;

(3)earthquake, flood, fire or other natural physical disaster;

(4)denial of the use of all ports, airports, shipping services or other means of public transport;

(5)trike or lock out or other industrial concerted action by workers, affecting the fulfillment of contractor's and subcontractors' obligations;

(6)and other unforeseen circumstances beyond the control of the parties so affected rendering the fulfillment of their obligations impossible.

3. if either party to this contract is prevented or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this contract by force majeure, then he may notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented and the party giving the notice shall thereupon be excused from the performance or punctual performance, as the case may be, of such obligation for so long as the circumstances of prevention or delay may continue.

4. if by virtue of the preceding sub-clause dither party shall be excused from the performance or punctual performance of any obligation for a continuous period of (_________) months, then either party may at any time thereafter terminate this contract by giving a written notice to the other party.

article 19- assignment and sub-contractors

1. the contractor shall have the right to sub-contract this contract or any part thereof in accordance with his usual practice without relieving the contractor of the obligations of performing this contract.

2. neither party shall without the previous consent in writing of the other party assign or any part thereof to any third party, except in the case of a company amalgamation or reconstruction, provided that such consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.

article 20- publicity

the contractor shall obtain the owner's approval prior to making any publicity releases or public announcements relating to this contract.

article 21- effective date of the contract

1. the effective date of this contract shall be the date after its execution when all the necessary approvals of the respective authorities have been obtained by the owner.

2. if the contract does not become effective within(_________) days from the date of execution, it will be deemed void unless otherwise agreed between the parties.

article 22- law and regulations

1. the contractor shall in all matters relating to the performance of this contract conform with all applicable laws, regulations and orders of central or local authorities.

2. the construction, validity and performance of this contract shall be governed in all respects in accordance with the laws of _________

article 23- entire contract

1. this contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes all prior negotiations, representations or agreements whether oral or in writing relative to the subject matter of this contract.

2. this contract shall be altered or supplemented only by mutual consent in writing between the owner and the contractor.

article 24- language of the contract

this contract was drafted in english language and the english text of this contract shall be valid and binding upon the parties hereto.

article 25- notices

1. every notice, consent, instruction, order or decision given under this contract shall be given or made in writing and either personally served on an officer of the party to whom it is given or airmailed post-prepaid or sent by telegram, telex or cable subsequently confirmed by letter, addressed as follows: to:the owner (address) _________to: the contractor (address) _________.

2. notices, consents, requests and other documents shall be deemed delivered or given, if mailed to an overseas destination, on the (_________) th day after the date of mailing and, if mailed to a domestic destination, the (_________) th day after the date of mailing. notices, consents or requests sent by telegram, telex or cable shall be deemed delivered or given on the day they are despatched.

3. any notice, consent, instruction, or decision given under this article shall be signed on behalf of either party by any duly authorised representative of that party. either of the parties may change his address for receipt of notices, instructions or decisions and other documents at any time by giving notice thereof in writing to the other party.

the owner (signature):_________the contractor(signature):_________

建造合同篇2

【关键词】 建造合同; 执行现状; 解决途径

一、建造合同执行意义和有关要求

黄河钻井总公司是一个以钻井工程施工为主,钻前施工、固井作业、套管供井、钻井设备搬迁为辅的综合性专业化公司,在用钻机85台,具有年产值超过45亿元、年钻井1 000口、进尺200万米以上的生产经营能力。市场遍布胜利油区、内蒙、新疆、甘肃等国内市场以及土库曼、沙特、伊朗、墨西哥等海外市场。随着市场和业务量的发展,执行建造合同、规范会计要素的确认与计量显得非常重要。建造合同指为建造一项或数项在设计、技术、功能、最终用途等方面密切相关的资产而订立的合同。集中核算系统上线后,实施一套账核算,为执行建造合同提供了业务支撑和操作平台。笔者认为执行建造合同对企业的生产经营主要有三个方面的意义:

1.建造合同执行有利于更进一步规范企业的经济行为,提高企业会计核算的相关性和及时性,体现会计确认、计量和报告应当以权责发生制为基础的要求。

2.建造合同执行可以提高收入确认质量。建造合同执行要求收入的确认必须有强有力的证据证明甲方的认可才可予以入账;而执行建造合同之前,以业务部门确认的金额作为收入确认的依据,没有得到甲方认可,其风险程度较大,收入确认数据存在一定程度的失真。

3.建造合同执行迫使我们提高内部管理水平。建造合同收入和成本的确认需根据项目的概况和项目完工百分比进行确认。这就要求企业从两个方面提高职业判断:一是按时分析复核项目执行情况。当基于建造合同的成本与项目实际成本差异较大时,必须进行详细分析,找出偏差原因,进而制定相应措施,使项目的收支情况始终处于受控范围内。二是按期进行项目进度的确认。为真实反映项目的期间收支情况,完工进度的确认至关重要,需获取可靠的数据支持(钻机月/钻井进尺)进行完工进度的计算。因此在某种程度上,对单位的经营管理人员和业务操作人员的职业判断提出了更高的要求。

建造合同执行过程中要求,“工程结算”与“收支确认”实施两条线管理,日常进行单个项目的成本归集和项目结算,月末(年末)按照完工进度及时确认项目收入和支出,反映当期项目毛利。

用计算公式表示如下:

当期确认的收入=预计总收入×完工进度-以前会计期间累计已确认的收入

当期确认的支出=预计总成本×完工进度-以前会计期间累计已确认的费用

当期确认的毛利=当期确认的收入-当期确认的费用

上述公式中的完工进度指累计完工进度。

二、具体业务处理

1.收到甲方单位支付的工程预付款

借:内部存款

贷:预收账款

2.工程施工过程中,发生相关成本

借:钻井作业——XX费用

制造费用——XX费用

贷:应付职工薪酬

原材料

内部存款等

月末,将“制造费用”分摊到各工程项目中。

借:钻井作业——成本——制造费用——A井

——B井

贷:制造费用——成本费用结转

3.开具发票,收取甲方拨付工程款

借:内部存款

预收账款

贷:钻井物探劳务结算

应交税费——应交增值税——销项税额

4.月末确认收入和支出

借:主营业务成本——劳务

钻井物探劳务毛利

贷:主营业务收入——劳务

5.工程竣工结算完毕,进行工程结转

借:钻井物探劳务结算

贷:钻井物探劳务毛利

钻井作业——成本费用结转

三、建造合同执行中存在的问题

公司在执行建造合同过程中边学习,边操作,并积极借鉴兄弟单位的核算方式,目前主要存在如下问题:

1.项目总收入和总成本的确定存在一定的难度。准确地确认总收入和总成本是核算建造合同的前提,但是实际业务操作过程中,企业面临如下情况严重影响了收入和成本的确认:(1)有的项目发生设计变更,合同总价变动较大;有的项目成本受市价影响较大,难以准确预计项目的总成本。这些问题给公司实施建造合同带来了一定难度,如果处理不好,将影响会计信息的准确性。(2)目前总公司采取的是预算控制下的会计核算,根据全面预算要求,需根据年度预算指标确定各会计期间的利润,在收入能够按照进度确认的前提下,项目成本的确认环节显得形同虚设。(3)新的建造合同准则要求企业具有较高的管理水平和职业判断能力。目前公司的自身管理水平不同,在一定程度上也影响了项目收入和成本的确认。

2.月末业务量繁重,月结时间相对滞后。建造合同的标的物一般都具有金额大、时间长的特点,通常开工日期和完工日期分属于不同的会计期间,但是钻井公司实际作业过程中,单井项目多,施工周期短,月末处理业务量大。同时,每月项目结算的结束时点不确定,其中一个方面的原因是项目投资计划下达晚,导致迟迟不能上线结算,按照目前业务处理流程,月末最后一天下午5点前必须处理完所有业务,然后项目组准时关闭交易平台,因此经常出现财务人员不能及时发起确认项目收入的现象,进而影响了整个公司的结账进度。

3.无法确认竣工结算时间。沿袭多年的结算传统造成了成本费用归集不及时,如技术服务费、修理费等,经常在二季度以后才开始进行结算,导致项目不断累积,给建造合同的执行造成很大的困难,无法及时核准具体项目的竣工结算时点,进而不能及时关闭单个项目,为单个项目最终的成本结转制造了一定的障碍,也为存货明细的查询制造了困难。

4.对公司纳税产生一定影响。由于建造合同准则规定的收入确认时间和确认金额与现行税法规定的纳税义务发生时间与计税依据不同,不仅造成应纳税额的争议,而且形成纳税时间上的差异。主要表现在对增值税的影响上,按照税法规定,增值税额取决于甲乙双方开具的增值税发票,而建造合同准则规定的收入是施工企业按照完工进度确认的收入,不一定取得相关的收入凭证,二者存在时间和金额上的差异,后者按照配比原则应计提的“应交税费”金额,不能反映纳税的现实义务,造成实际工作上的不方便和误解。

四、对上述问题的解决途径探讨

针对上述问题,在严格遵循会计手册要求的基础上,以单个项目的施工结果可以可靠估计为前提,结合公司实际经营情况,提出如下解决措施:

1.项目收入和成本确认问题。从如下几个方面解决:(1)公司提高内部管理水平,积极应对市场变化,在企业内部建立一整套行之有效的内部财务预算和报告制度,对项目收入和成本的预测进行动态管理和调整;(2)充分利用好单井预算信息系统,细化单个项目的收支明细,使项目收支确认金额有据可依;(3)不定期组织相关专业人员学习建造合同执行流程,以此加深对建造合同的理解,同时相互交流业务操作过程中的心得,相互学习和借鉴,相互促进,提升自身的业务水平。

2.月末业务量繁重,月结时间相对滞后问题。针对钻井行业的特点,一方面与各职能部门配合,及时发起项目信息申请,提前掌握当月与各采油厂的项目结算情况;另一方面在集中核算交易平台采取“结算一口,发起一口,完井未结和正钻井最后一天上午全部发起完毕”的方法,尽量避开业务处理的高峰期,防止出现系统关闭无法发起业务的情况。

3.无法确认竣工结算时间问题。成本费用归集不及时以至不能关闭项目的情况,从以下方面解决:(1)以完工结算井为基础,在单井结算的当月底进行结算井的成本结转,结转前首先核对成本加毛利是否等于钻井物探劳务结算,如不相等,通过毛利和主营业务成本科目进行调整,然后进行成本结转;(2)对于已结算井以后月份发生的成本费用,费用发生的当月月末通过钻井物探劳务毛利科目转入主营业务成本,以此达到逐步还原毛利的目的;(3)每年年末集中关闭当年项目(跨年项目除外)。

4.影响公司纳税问题。公司存在的增值税时间及金额上的差异,是收入确认与工程结算分开带来的问题。纳税时间性差异会随着项目进度的完成逐渐消失,纳税金额差异应慎重对待,合理筹划。对于建造合同的执行与税务上的差异,应该说公司的主动权很少,只能尽量避免,更多是寻求有关部门的协调,减少会计与税务方面的差异,降低企业的税务风险。

五、结束语

建造合同执行是一个系统工程,需要公司上下相关业务部门的通力协作,需要业务操作人员分析能力的进一步拓展,更需要公司领导的大力支持。目前建造合同在公司应用的时间较短,在执行的过程中难免会遇到一些问题,这对于公司来说,既是挑战,更是机遇,我们必须正视问题与困惑,认真研究,认真对待,为建造合同的实施创造良好的条件,为总公司又好又快地发展作出更大的贡献!

【参考文献】

[1] 周运辉.施工企业执行建造合同与会计核算相关问题的研究[J].现代商业,2008(20).

建造合同篇3

“业主”指_________.

“承包商”指_________.

“工厂”指在附录_________中指定的构成固定设备的全部机器、设备和材料。

“工地”指按本合同用于建造工厂的全部土地。

“工程”指承包商按本合同实施的工程。

“合同价格”指业主向承包商支付的全部工程款项。

第二条 承包商的职责

1.承包商应负责设计、筹划以及在工地上建造工厂。

2.除了业主根据第_________条提供的项目和设施,承包商应提供所有为使工厂成功建造所必需的设备、材料、工具、设施、劳工和服务。

3.承包商应根据附录_________中的日程安排施工。

4.承包商应根据附录_________中的规定为业主培训工厂设备的操作和维修人员。

5.承包商应向业主提供附录_________中规定的备件。

6.承包商应向业主提供附录_________中指定的维修设备。

第三条 业主的职责

1.业主应提供工地,并在本合同有效期内允许承包商自由地、不受干扰地出入该工地。

2.业主应按时提供附录_________中指定的物件和设施。

3.业主将从有关部门获取为工厂建造、设备运行所必需的执照和许可证,包括承包商雇员的工作许可证。

4.业主应按第_________条中规定的合同价格向承包商支付工程款项。

第四条 合同价格

1.在本合同生效后_________天内,业主应向承包商支付金额为合同价格,作为承包商完成该工程并承担本合同规定的所有义务的全部报酬。

2.合同价格不再上调,完成工种的成本风险应由承包商承担,商定合同价格时应认为承包商已获得全部信息并已把所有可能影响成本的因素估计在内。

第五条 设计图样

1.承包商应根据合同,在附录_________规定的时间内向业主提交工厂建造所需的图样,供业主审批。业主应在收到这些图样后一个月内,对图样进行审核,并作出批准或不批准的决定。

2.承包商应对上述图样中的任何缺点、错误或疏漏负责,除非这种缺点、错误或疏漏是因业主书面提供的不准确信息所致。

3.业主或承包商互相提供的所有图样和技术资料,收到方应作为机密文件对待,除非另有商定,收到方不得将这些图样和资料用于与本合同无关的其他目的。

第六条 检验

1.承包商应该按法律和正常的工程惯例的要求,负责工厂所有的检验和试验工作。

2.业主有权在任何适当时间对建造中的工厂的材料和工艺进行检验和测试,费用自理。这种检验或测试不能免除承包商在合同中应尽的任何义务。

3.完工后的工厂应由业主进行检验和测试;工厂何时可以测试,承包商应提前以书面形式通知业主。

4.承包商应根据业主的合理要求,为彻底而有效的检测提供所需要的协助、劳力、材料、电力、燃料、设备、备用品和仪器。

5.工厂通过上述测试后,业主应向承包商签发一份表示通过测试的证书。检测中发现的任何问题未圆满解决,工厂不得移交。

第七条 工地

1.承包商应在工地上提供所有令业主满意的材料、劳力、设备、服务和便利,以便顺利施工和完工。

2.在总体上得到上述保证的前提下,承包商应提供下列各项必需品:

a.建筑设备;

b.工地上使用的运输工具,包括临时道路;

c.保护人员和财产安全所需的篱笆、灯光、岗哨以及所有其他材料和服务;

d.为材料和施工人员(包括业主雇员)提供临时仓库、办公室和其他房屋建筑;

e.在整个工程移交之前提供电话、灭火设备和急救设备;

f.供施工人员使用的卫生设备和食堂。

3.承包商应遵守当地法律规定的所安全及其他条例。

4.无论何时,承包商都不应在业主的房产及其邻近建筑物、车道和街道上堆积施工用建筑材料和建筑垃圾,工程完工后,应从建筑物及其周围清除所有用剩的材料,保持工地和工厂安全、整洁,以备使用。

第八条 承包商的工作人员

1.承包商将自费为其全部工作人员提供饮食、交通及一切必要的便利。

2.合同签署后,承包商应指定一名项目经理,在工程进行过程中全权代表承包商。他将在工作时间内坐镇施工现场。业主向项目经理发出的所有指示,如同发给承包商本人一样,同样具有约束力。

3.如果业主认为工地上承包商的雇员品行不端、不能胜任工作或有失职行为,可要求承包商将此人调离或更换。

第九条 责任

1.在工厂被最终验收之前,承包商应对工厂的任何损失或损坏负责,并自费将其修复,直至业主满意。然而,如果根据本合同,这类损坏的责任不在承包商,而业主要求予以修复,承包商应按业主指示办理,但费用由业主负担。

2.在最后验收合格证书签发之前,凡因承包商或其分包商的疏忽,或设计、材料或工艺上的缺陷而产生的任何财产损失或人身伤害,承包商应向业主赔偿,并保护业主免受由此而产生的各种诉讼、索赔、要求或费用支出。

3.如果业主因某种原因遭受索赔或诉讼,而按本条款规定承包商应该或可能对该事由承担法律责任,则业主应立即书面通知承包商。承包商应以业主名义接手并通过谈判处理解决或能由此而产生的诉讼,并承担一切费用。如承包商要求,业主应向承包商提供承包商为处理此类索赔或诉讼所需要的所有资料和帮助。

第十条

保险

1.在不限制承包商责任的情况下,承包商将自费投保下列险:

a.机器设备从工厂交货到目的地的运输险。

b.为承包商和分包商的所的雇员投保雇员赔偿险,或者根据适用的法律和法规投保类似的法定社会保险。

c.防备财产损坏或人身伤害的产品责任险,期限到维修期结束,每次事件的金额不少于_________美元。

d.对承包商或其分包商在执行本合同中使用的所有车辆投保综合汽车责任险。

2.上述保险单应以承包商及其分包商、业主、及其工程师、顾问、雇员、人为联合投保人。保险单应包含保险人放弃对业主及其工程师、顾问、雇员及人的代位权之条款。

3.承包商应保持上述保单的完全有效性,直到本合同对其规定的义务解除为止。业主有权随时索取保单、背书、续保和保险费收据的复印件。如果承包商未能全面投保,业主应有权代表承包商办理上述保险,支付所有相关保费,并从支付给承包商的款项中扣除有关费用。

第十一条 完工

1.一俟工厂的全部建设和安装工程完工,承包商应通知业主,并根据附录_________的规定进行机械安装完成测试工作,直至业主满意。

2.测试圆满结束后,业主应签发一份完工证明书。在完工证明书签发之前,不得给工厂进料。

3.如果在建造和安装中出现不影响完成安装的小缺陷,或者在测试中测出不影响工厂开工的缺陷,业主应签发完工证明书,而承包商则有义务尽快修复这些不足之处。

第十二条 最后验收

1.完工证明书颁发之后,承包商应提前_________天将工厂性能测试的时间通知业主。

2.为使测试准时开始,业主应按附录_________中的要求提供原料和其他设备,而承包商应按通知的时间开始性能测试。

3.性能测试将按附示_________的规定进行。测试成功后,业主应签发一份最后验收证明书,证明工厂已从证书签发日起移交业主。

4.如果工厂未能通过性能测试,承包商在进行他认为必要的调整之后,应在业主在场的情况下重新进行测试,时间由双方商定,条件照旧。

5.在最后验收合格证书签发之前,工厂不得投入商业性运转。如工厂未能通过性能测试,业主仍可酌情颁发最后验收合格证书,条件是承包商必须尽快纠正工厂存在的问题。

第十三条 违约赔偿金

1.如果由于承包商的原因导致性能测试的再次失败,而双方并无继续重新测试的协议,则对最后一次测试的结果进行评估。承包商将根据附录_________的规定向业主支付违约赔偿费,费率不超过合同价格的_________%。

2.如果承包商因自身的原因未能在合同生效后的_________个月内获得整个工厂的最后验收合格证书,承包商须根据附录_________的规定向业主每月支付相当于合同价格_________%的拖延赔偿费,但最多不超过合同价格的_________%。

3.承包商应根据附录_________规定的格式开立一份以业主为受益人、金额为合同价格_________%的保证书,作为其履行本条款项下义务的保证。

第十四条 保修

1.承包商保证,在最后验收合格证书签发日起_________个月内或本合同生效日期_________个月内(以先到日期为准),所提供的工厂无设计、材料和工艺上的缺陷。

2.发现问题后,如果承包商的代表在现场工作,业主应在_________天内按本条款以书面形式向承包商提出全部要求;如果承包商的代表不在现场,业主应在_________天内以航空邮件将确证材料发往承包商总公司。承包商应更换或修理所有有缺陷的零部件。为此,应允许承包商随时自由出入工地,检查缺损部件,使其能履行本保修条款。如果承包商因某种特殊情况未能在适当期限内进行双方同意的补救工作,业主有权自行修复,但费用由承包商负担。

3.本保修的先决条件是,业主须按承包商的指示和具体规定的性能参数对工厂进行装备、操作和维护。如果业主未经承包商同意试图自行修正,则本保修条款无效。

4.本保修条款不包括因自然损坏的物件,也不包括使用寿命不到_________个月的消耗品或类似物件。

5.如果承包商遵照上更换任何设备、材料或工艺,则本保修条款的规定也适用于经修理或更换的设备、材料或工艺,期限为从修理或更换完成之日起1年。

第十五条 专利权和专利使用费

1.承包商应全力保护业主在使用其提供的工帮时免遭因侵犯第三方的专利、设计或版权而面临的诉讼、索赔、要求和各种费用。

2.如果承包商提供的工程设计、工厂设备的制造和供应以及在工程建造中实施的工作或使用的方法涉及了第三方的专利,他也应向终第三方支付按许可证或许可知要款规定应支付的所有费用、专利使用费和其他款项。但是,如果业主在经营或使用该厂或其中任何部分时涉及了第三方的专利,他应向第三方支付按许可证或许可条款规定应支付的所有费用、专利使用费和其他款项。

第十六条暂停

1.业主有权随时向承包商发出书面通知,指示其暂停工程的任何部分或整个工程,如果暂停期超过_________天,则按合同第_________条规定作终止合同处理。

2.如果业主未能按照本合同在规定日期_________天内向承包商支付任何款项,或者如果承包商因业主在履行合同上的失误而被中断或拖延了工程的进行,承包商有权暂停执行本合同。

3.如果工程按本条款规定暂停,承包商有权收取附加费用,以补偿由于此类暂停、中断和拖延,以及本合同的合理延期执行所造成的成本增加。

第十七条 合同终止

1.按照第_________第规定,如果暂停时间持续超过_________天,任何一方都有权通知另一方立即终止本合同。

2.业主可以随时书面命令承包商停工,承包商在收到终止命令后应停止工地上所有的工作,但工程师出于保护、安全目的,或整理已建的或正在安装的工程,这类工作仍可继续。承包商在收到终止命令后,也应立即停止所有正在工地外进行的履行合同的工作。

3.根据本条款和第_________条规定,合同终止后,承包商有权收取下列费用:

a.与所完成的工程和劳务相应的那部分合同价格;

b.与已完成但未移交的工厂相应的那部分合同价格。

第十八条 不可抗力

1.如果任何一方因不可抗力而款能履行或推迟履行其义务,则不对另一方负责,也不应视作违反合同。

2.“不可抗力”指业主或承包商无法控制的情况,使当事人未能按本合同履行其义务,或者不得不延迟履行其义务。下列情况均被视作“不可抗力”:

a.战争、敌对事件、外敌行动、入侵、类似战争的军事行动(

不管是事宣战)内战;

b.士兵哗变、民众暴乱、军事叛乱、起义、造反、革命、篡权、或者任何个人代表某个组织或与某个组织有联系、旨在以暴力合法或现存政府、或以恐怖主义或暴力对政府施加影响的行为;

c.地震、洪水、火灾或其他自然灾害;

d.所有港口、机场、船运或其他公共交通工具的使用均遭拒绝;

e.工人罢工、工厂停工、或其他的劳工联合行动,影响了承包商和分包商履行其义务;

f.当事人无法控制、从而使其不能履行义务的其他任何意外情况。

3.如果本合同任何一方因不可抗力不能或延迟履行本合同规定的任何义务,他可将不可抗力和由此造成的延迟或妨碍情况通知另一方。发出通知的一方允许根据具体情况及妨碍或延迟持续的时间免于履行或推迟履行合同。

4.根据本第款第3分条规定,如果任何一方免于履行或推迟履行其义务的时间持续了_________个月,那么任何一方都可随时向另一方发出书面通知,终止本合同。

第十九条 转让及分包

1.承包商有权按其惯例分包本合同或本合同的任何部分,而不解除承包商履行本合同的任何义务。

2.事先未经另一方书面同意,任何一方都不得将本合同或其中的权利、义务,或合同的任何部分转让或让与第三方,除非公司合并或改组。如出现此种情况,任何一方都不应毫无理由地予以拒绝。

第二十条 宣传

承包商在作与本合同相关的宣传材料的散发或公开宣布前,应征得业主的同意。

第二十一条 合同生效日

1.本合同生效日为双方签字后,业主获得当事人双方各自有关当局的所有必要批文之日。

2.如果本合同自签字之日起_________天内仍不能生效,合同即被视作无效,除非双方另有商定。

第二十二条 法律和规定

1.承包商应在与履行本合同有关的所有事务中遵守所有适用的法律、法规和命令。

2.本合同的解释、效力和履行,应完全以_________国的法律为准。

第二十三条 完整合同

1.本合同是与约双方之间的完整协议,它取代了以前所有与本合同事项有关的洽谈、说明及口头或书面协议。

2.对本合同的任何修改或补充,须经业主和承包商双方的书面同意。

第二十四条 合同语言

本合同以中文和英语起草,并以英文本为准,对方双均有约束力。

第二十五条 通知

1.按本合同发出的每个通知、同意、指示、命令或决定,应以书面形式发送。发送方式有:向对方有关官员当面递交,或预付邮资航空传递,或通过电报、电传,或先发电报后信件确认。通讯地址如下:

业主:_________;

承包商:_________.

2.如果通知、同意、请求和其他文件发往某个海外目的地,在邮寄日后第_________天应视作已经送交;如果发往国内目的地,在邮寄日后第_________天视作已经送交。用电报、电传发出的通知、同意或请求应视作当天送达。

3.按本条款发送的所有通知、同意、批示或决定,应由有关方正式授权的代表签字。任何一方任何时候如欲变动收件地址,应以书面形式通知对方。

承包商(盖章)_________

业主(盖章)_________

代表人(签字)_________

代表人(签字)_________

_________年____月____日

_________年____月____日

签订地点:_________

签订地点:_________

附件

article 1- definitions

“the owner” shall mean_________

“the contractor” shall mean_________

“the plant” shall mean all or any part of the machinery, equipment and materials forming the permanent installation as specified in appendix(_________)

“the site” shall mean all the land where the plant is to be constructed in accordance with this contract.

“the works” shall mean the works to be done by the contractor under this contract.

“the contract price” shall mean the total sum payable to the contractor by the owner for the works.

article 2- contractor's responsibilities

1. the contractor shall design, engineer, and construct the plant at the site.

2. the contractor shall provide all equipment, materials, tools, facilities, labour and services necessary for the successful construction of the plant except those items and facilities to be supplied by the owner under article (_________)

3. the contractor shall perform the works in accordance with the schedule in appendix (_________)

4. the contractor shall provide the owner's personnel with training of operation and maintenance of the plant in accordance with appendix (_________)

5. the contractor shall supply the owner with the spare parts specified in appendix (_________)

6. the contractor shall supply the owner with the maintenance equipment specified in appendix (_________)

article 3- owner's responsibilities

1. the owner shall make available the site and grant the contractor free and uninterrupted access thereto throughout the duration of this contract.

2. the owner shall provide those items and facilities specified in appendix (_________) at the time therein establishe

d.

3. the owner will obtain from the relevant authorities those licenses and permits necessary to construct and operate the plant on the site including work permit for the contractor's employees.

4. the owner shall pay the contractor for the works performed the contract price set out in article (_________)

article 4- contract price

1. within (_________) days after the effective date of this contract, the owner shall pay the contractor as full and complete compensation for accomplishing the works and assuming all obligations under this contract the contract price in the amount of _________.

2. the contract price is not subject to escalation, and the cost of executing the works shall be the risk of the contractor who shall be deemed to have obtained all information and taken into account all circumstances which may affect the cost in agreeing the contract price.

article 5- drawings

1. the contractor shall submit to the owner for approval and review within the time specified in appendix (_________) such drawings as may be required for construction of the plant under this contract. within one month after receiving such drawings the owner shall review and approve or disapprove the drawing.

2. the contractor shall be responsible for any defects, errors or omissions in the above drawings unless such defects, errors or omissions are caused by inaccurate information furnished in writing to the contractor by the owner.

3. all drawings and technical documentation delivered by the owner or the contractor to the other party shall be treated as confidential by the receiving party unless agreed otherwise, and shall not be used by that party for purposes other than those connected with this contract.

article 6- inspection

1. the contractor shall perform all inspection and testing of the plant required by law and normal engineering practice.

2. the owner shall be entitled at all reasonable times and at its own cost to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship of the plant under construction. such inspection, examination or testing if made shall not release the contractor from any obligation under the contract.

3. the completed plant shall be inspected, examined and tested by the owner, and the contractor shall give the owner reasonable notice in writing of the date on which the plant will be ready for testing.

4. the contractor shall provide such assistance, labour, materials, electricity , fuels, apparatus, stores and instruments as may be required and as may be reasonably demanded to carry out such tests by the owner properly and efficiently.

5. when the plant shall have passed the above tests, the owner shall furnish the contractor with a certificate in writing to that effect. no plant shall be delivered until any faults discovered during inspection are satisfactorily rectified.

article 7- inspection

1. the contractor shall provide at the site to the reasonable satisfaction of the owner all materials, labour, equipment, services and facilities that may be necessary for the proper execution and completion of the works. 2. without prejudice to the generality of the above, the contractor shall provide, as may be necessary, the following:

(1)construction equipment.

(2)means of transport within the site including temporary roadways.

(3)fencing, lighting and guarding and all other materials and services necessary for the safety and security of persons and property.

(4)tempora

ry stores, offices and other buildings or structures for materials and persons engaged in the words, including persons employed by the owner.

(5)telephones, fire-fighting equipment and first-aid equipment until the whole works have been taken over.

(6)sanitary and canteen facilities for the use of persons engaged in the works.

3. the contractor shall observe all safety and other regulations imposed on the site by local laws.

4. the contractor shall at all times keep the owner's property and the adjoining premises, driveways and streets free of construction materials and rubbish caused by the works, and at the completion of the works shall remove all remaining materials from and about the premises and shall leave the site and plant safe, clean and ready for use.

article 8- inspection

1. the contractor will supply at his own cost food, transprot and all necessary facilities for all his own personnel.

2. on signing the contract, the contractor shall appoint a project manager who will represent the contractor at all times be present at the site during working hours. all communications issued by the owner to the project manager shall be binding as if given to the contractor.

3. the owner may request the removal and replacement of any person employed by the contractor on the site if such person is in the owner's opinion guilty of misconduct, incompetence or negligence.

article 9- inspection

1. the contractor shall be responsible for all losses of or damage to the plant before final acceptance, and shall make good al such loss or damage at the cost of the contractor and to the reasonable satisfaction of the owner provided, however, in the case of loss or damage to the plant arising from or occasioned by causes for which the contractor is mot responsible under the contract, the same shall be made good by the contractor but at the cost of the owner, if the owner so directs.

2. the contractor shall indemnify the owner in respect of all damage and injury occurring before the issue of the final acceptance certificate to any property and person and against all actions, suits, claims, demands, charges and expenses arising in connection therewith which shall be occasioned by the negligence of the contractor or any of his sub-contractors or by defective design, materials or workmanship but not otherwise.

3. in the event of any claim being made or actions brought against the owner arising out of any matter in respect of which the contractor is or may be liable under this article, the owner shall promptly notify the contractor in writing thereof and the contractor shall at his own expense take over and conduct in the name of the owner all negotiations for the settlement of the same and any litigation that may arise therefrom. the owner shall at the request of the contractor afford all such information and assistance as the contractor may reasonably require for the purpose of dealing with any such claim or action.

article 10- inspection

1. without limiting the contractor's liabilities the contractor will at his own expense take out the following insurance:

(1)transportation insurance on the machine and equipment from its delivery ex works to arrival at the site.

(2)workers compensation insurance for all contractor's and subcontractor's employees engaged or similar statutory social insurance in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations.

(3)product liability insurance against damage to property or injury to pers

ons until the end of the maintenance period in the sum not less that (amount) us dollars per occurrence.

(4)comprehensive automobile liability insurance in respect of all vehicles used by the contractor or his sub-contractor in connection with his contract.

2. the aforesaid policies of insurance will be taken out in the names of the contractor and its sub-contractors, the owner, their engineer, consultant and employees and agents as the joint insured and the policies shall contain a waiver of insurer's rights of subrogation against the owner, its engineer, consultant and employees and agents.

3. the contractor shall maintain the aforesaid policies in full force and effect until the discharge of his obligations under this contract, and the owner shall have the right to demand from time to time copies of the policies, endorsements and renewals and receipts for payment of insurance premiums. if the contractor fails to maintain any of these policies in full force and effect, the owner shall have the right to rake out such policies and pay all relative premiums on behalf of the contractor and to deduct the relevant costs from and sums owing to the contractor.

article 11- inspection

1. on completion of all construction and erection work of the plant, the contractor shall inform the owner and shall carry out mechanical erection completion tests specified in appendix (_________) to the satisfaction of the owner.

2. on satisfactory completion of such tests the owner will issue a certificate of completion of erection of the plant. no feedstock shall be fed into the plant until a certificate of completion of erection has been issued.

3. in the event of minor deficiencies in the construction and erection work which do not prevent erection completion and/or in the event of defects revealed by the tests which do not prevent the start-up of the plant, the owner shall issue a certificate of completion of erection and the contractor shall be obliged to rectify the deficiencies as quickly as possible thereafter.

article 12- inspection

1. following the issue of the certificates of completion of erection the contractor shall give the owner (_________) days notice of the date when he will be ready to carry out performance tests of the plant.

2. the owner shall provide the feedstock and other facilities required in appendix (_________) to enable the tests to commence on time and the contractor shall begin the performance tests at the time so notified.

3. the performance tests will be carried out in acceptance with the provisions of appendix (_________) and on their successful completion, the owner shall issue a final acceptance certificate stating that the plant has been taken over by the owner as from the date thereof.

4. if the plant fails to pass its performance test, then the contractor, after making such adjustments as he considers necessary, shall repeat such tests in the presence of the owner at a time to be agreed upon under the same terms and conditions as the original tests.

5. the plant shall not be commercially operated before the issue of the final acceptance certificate. notwithstanding the failure of the plant to pass its performance tests, the owner may at his discretion issue a final acceptance certificate subject to the contractor remedying the plant defects as soon as possible.

article 13- inspection

1. in the event of any repeat of a performance test failing for reasons imputable to the contractor, and there being no m

utual agreement to continue re-testing, the results of the final test will be measured and the contractor will be liable to pay to the owner liquidated damages on the scale set out in appendix(_________) up to a maximum of (_________)% of the contract price.

2. if the contractor is unable for reasons within his control to obtain a final acceptance certificate for the whole plant by(_________) months from the effective date of this contract, he shall be liable to pay to the owner for each month's delay liquidated damages of(_________)% of the contract price up to a maximum of (_________)% of the contract price in accordance with appendix(_________)

3. the contractor shall establish, in favour of the owner, a guarantee for(_________)% of the contract price in the form set out in appendix(_________) in support of his obligations under this article.

article 14- inspection

1. the contractor warrants, for a period of (_________) months from the date of issue of the final acceptance certificate or(_________) months from the effective date of this contract whichever is the earlier, the supplied plant against faulty design, material and workmanship.

2. the owner shall inform the contractor in writing of all claims arising under this provision within(_________)days of the detection of fault, if the contractor's representative is on site or within(_________)days if not, to the contractor's head office by telex r recorded air mail delivery with supporting data. the contractor shall have the option to replace or repair all parts proved deficient. for this purpose the contractor shall have the option to replace or repair all parts proved deficient. for this purpose the contractor shall have an access to the site to inspect the faulty parts at any time and to enable him to comply with the terms of this guarantee. should the contractor fail to carry out agreed remedial work within any period of time reasonable in the particular circumstance, the owner shall have the right to do this work at the contractor's expense.

3. this warranty is given subject to the owner storing, operating and maintaining the plant in accordance with the contractor's instructions and specified operating parameters and may be nullified in the event of the owner attempting rectification work without the contractor's agreement.

4. this warranty does not include items which fail due to natural wear and tear, or consumables or similar items whose natural life is (_________) months or less.

5. if pursuant to the above warranty the contractor repairs or replaces any equipment, materials or workmanship, the provisions of this article shall them apply to said repaired or replaced equipment, materials or workmanship for a period of one year from the date such repairs or replacements are completed.

article 15- patent rights and royalties

1. the contractor shall fully indemnify the owner against all actions, claims, demands, costs, charges and expenses arising from or incurred by reason of any infringement of patents, design or copyright of third parties by the use of the plant supplied by the contractor.

2. the contractor shall also be responsible for the payment to third parties of all fees, royalties and other charges, if and, that may be payable under the terms of any license or permission in respect of any design of the works provided by the contractor, the manufactured and supply of the plant and any work done or method employed in the construction of the works. however, the owner shall be respo

nsible for the payment to third parties of all fees, royalties and other charges, if any, that may be payable under the terms of any license or permission in respect of the operation or use of the plant or any part thereof.

article 16- suspension

1. the owner shall have the right to instruct the contractor to suspend any part or the whole of the works at any time upon giving written notice to the contractor provided that any period of suspension exceeding (_________) days shall be treated as termination under article (_________)

2. if the owner fails to make any payment to the contractor under this contract within (_________) days of the due date, or if the contractor is otherwise interrupted or delayed in the performance of the works due to the owner's contractual default, the contractor shall be entitled to suspend performance of this contract.

3. in the event of suspension of the works in accordance with this article the contractor shall be entitled to receive such reasonable additional payment as may be necessary to compensate for the additional costs arising out of such suspension, interruption or delay and such reasonable extension of time for performance of contract.

article 17- termination

1. in the event of suspension in accordance with article (_________) lasting for a period of more than (_________) days either party shall have the right to give notice to the other party of the immediate termination of this contract.

2. the owner may at any time by written order to the contractor order the contractor to cease further execution of the works, and the contractor shall upon receipt of a termination order, cease all further work on the site other than such work thereon as the engineer may instruct for the purpose of protecting, making safe or tidying up such parts of the works as may already have been executed or be in course of erection. the contractor shall, as soon as practicable after receipt of the termination order, also cease all such further work as is being done off the site in the performance of this contract.

3. upon termination of this contract under this article and under article (_________), the contractor shall be entitled to be paid:

(1)that part of the contract price which is proportionate to engineering and services carried out, and

(2)that part of the contract price which is proportionate to the plant completed but not delivered.

article 18- force majeure

1. no party to this contract shall be liable to the other party for any failure of or delay in performance of its obligations hereof nor be deemed to be in breach of this contract, if such failure or delay has arisen from “force majeure.”

2. “force majeure” means circumstances and conditions beyond the control of either parties, that would render it impossible for either the owner or the contractor to fulfill their obligations under this contract, or delay such fulfillment. any of the following matters are considered “force majeure.”

(1)war, hostilities, act of foreign enemy, invasion, warlike opera-tions (whether war to be declared or not) or civil war;

(2)mutiny, civil commotion assuming the proportions of or amounting to a popular rising, military rising, insurrection, rebellion, revolution, military or usurped power, or any act of any person acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization with activities directed towards the overthrow by force of the government de jure or de facto, or to the

influencing of it by terrorism or violence;

(3)earthquake, flood, fire or other natural physical disaster;

(4)denial of the use of all ports, airports, shipping services or other means of public transport;

(5)trike or lock out or other industrial concerted action by workers, affecting the fulfillment of contractor's and subcontractors' obligations;

(6)and other unforeseen circumstances beyond the control of the parties so affected rendering the fulfillment of their obligations impossible.

3. if either party to this contract is prevented or delayed from or in performing any of his obligations under this contract by force majeure, then he may notify the other party of the circumstances constituting the force majeure and of the obligation performance of which is thereby delayed or prevented and the party giving the notice shall thereupon be excused from the performance or punctual performance, as the case may be, of such obligation for so long as the circumstances of prevention or delay may continue.

4. if by virtue of the preceding sub-clause dither party shall be excused from the performance or punctual performance of any obligation for a continuous period of (_________) months, then either party may at any time thereafter terminate this contract by giving a written notice to the other party.

article 19- assignment and sub-contractors

1. the contractor shall have the right to sub-contract this contract or any part thereof in accordance with his usual practice without relieving the contractor of the obligations of performing this contract.

2. neither party shall without the previous consent in writing of the other party assign or any part thereof to any third party, except in the case of a company amalgamation or reconstruction, provided that such consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.

article 20- publicity

the contractor shall obtain the owner's approval prior to making any publicity releases or public announcements relating to this contract.

article 21- effective date of the contract

1. the effective date of this contract shall be the date after its execution when all the necessary approvals of the respective authorities have been obtained by the owner.

2. if the contract does not become effective within(_________) days from the date of execution, it will be deemed void unless otherwise agreed between the parties.

article 22- law and regulations

1. the contractor shall in all matters relating to the performance of this contract conform with all applicable laws, regulations and orders of central or local authorities.

2. the construction, validity and performance of this contract shall be governed in all respects in accordance with the laws of _________

article 23- entire contract

1. this contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes all prior negotiations, representations or agreements whether oral or in writing relative to the subject matter of this contract.

2. this contract shall be altered or supplemented only by mutual consent in writing between the owner and the contractor.

article 24- language of the contract

this contract was drafted in english language and the english text of this contract shall be valid and binding upon the parties hereto.

article 25- notices

1. every notice, consent, instruction, order or decision given under this contract shall be given or made in writing and either personall

y served on an officer of the party to whom it is given or airmailed post-prepaid or sent by telegram, telex or cable subsequently confirmed by letter, addressed as follows: to:the owner (address) _________to: the contractor (address) _________.

2. notices, consents, requests and other documents shall be deemed delivered or given, if mailed to an overseas destination, on the (_________) th day after the date of mailing and, if mailed to a domestic destination, the (_________) th day after the date of mailing. notices, consents or requests sent by telegram, telex or cable shall be deemed delivered or given on the day they are despatched.

3. any notice, consent, instruction, or decision given under this article shall be signed on behalf of either party by any duly authorised representative of that party. either of the parties may change his address for receipt of notices, instructions or decisions and other documents at any time by giving notice thereof in writing to the other party.

the owner (signature)_________ the contractor(signature)_________

date:_________ date:_________

建造合同篇4

 

【关键词】 建造合同准则 弊端 完工百分比法 造船行业

一、引言

随着造船行业建造速度的日益加快,在很多情况下造船行业的建造周期都小于一年,这时由于企业在确认进度时存在较大的人为调节性,收入与费用的确认也时常存在变更,受人为主观性影响较大,如果运用进度确认法(或称完工百分比法)反而可能造成企业财务会计报表的真实有效性有所降低,不利于建造合同准则在造船行业得到切实有效的运用。本文拟以造船行业为例,全面分析建造合同准则尤其是完工百分比法在企业应用中存在的弊端,并有针对性地提出相应的完善对策,以期对造船行业同行们的工作有所裨益。

 

二、建造合同及其准则的涵义

建造合同在会计准则中的定义是指企业为了建造一项或数项在功能、技术、设计及最终用途等方面具有密切关联的资产所订立的合同,有成本加成合同和固定造价合同两种。以造船行业为例,是由建造方与船东签订的合同。合同收入、合同成本等是建造合同的主要要素。其中,合同收入包含合同初始约定价款(双方商定的合同总金额)和因合同索赔、变更、奖励等原因而增加的合同收入;合同成本包含自合同签订至合同实现的全过程中所产生的合同实施有关直接或间接费用。执行建造合同确认合同成本与合同收入的关键在于完工进度的有效确认。

 

2007年我国正式颁布实施了《建造合同准则》,这为我国会计领域标准化提供了参照依据的同时,也为我国建造合同制度的实施提供了法律保障。准则规定,对于合同收入能够收回、合同成本能够可靠计量、完工进度能够准确确定的建造合同,应依据建造合同实际能够收回的合同成本及合同成本确认当期合同费用;对于无法收回合同成本或合同收入收回的可能性不大的建造合同,不应确认收入,而应在实际收回成本时确认为合同费用。

 

三、建造合同准则在造船行业应用中存在的弊端

下面就从建造合同总收入、预计合同总成本、合同完工进度、建造收入与应收账款确认时间、人为调节利润与收入的操作空间及税务等方面进行分析建造合同准则在造船行业应用中存在的弊端。

 

1、合同总收入的预计难度较大。一方面,目前造船行业对于收入确认的条件之一的“合同有关经济利益很可能流入企业”事项的判断充满了主观判断色彩,相关经济利益流入企业的可能性与不可能性之间没有明显判断指标,根据实际经济环境的变化,造船行业有时在遵守建造合同准则时遇到有关要求相互矛盾的情况。例如,在全球金融危机背景条件下,造船行业逐步由卖方市场转为买方市场,船东的预付款比例自原来的80%降低为目前的30%~50%,且船只的交付由于各种不确定的增加而变得更加困难,这时如果依据进度确认法就应当确认有关建造收入,但是依据会计准则中的谨慎性原则,就不应按建造合同准则确认收入,而应在合同有关经济利益很可能流入企业时再行确认。可见,建造合同准则在收入确认这部分没有充分考虑企业内部环境变化等因素的影响,故该准则在造船行业的实际应用过程中存在收入确认较为困难无法有效实施进度确认法的弊端。另一方面,在金融危机背景下船价波动较大,许多船厂都面临着船东要求降价或减价的局面,这时船厂可以有效控制与船东签订减价的时间,以达到调节各年度间利润的目的。此外,造船行业在一般情况下,其合同属于固定造价合同,其收入的确认较为简单,但是由于建造工程的时常变更、工程遭到索赔等事项的发生,使得确认船东的程序相对困难一些,在交船谈判过程中,建造方与船东耗费大量时间最终确认有关结果,这样在交船当月,建造方的收入会出现大幅增长,进一步增加了建造合同预计总收入的调整难度。

 

2、合同预计总成本存在较大不确定性。由于造船行业对建造合同准则的实施,需要加强财务部门及其他有关部门之间的大力配合,才能减少建造合同总成本预计的随意性,所以,造船行业预计建造合同预计总成本的难度越来越大,存在着非常大的不确定性:一方面是客观因素。目前大量船厂面临建造首制船的问题,对于尚未形成一套完整企业内部定额的首制船,即使财务部门及其他有关部门之间能够较好地进行协作,其建造合同预计总成本数额的最终估计也仍然存在较大的不确定性,客观上使得造船业不能准确预计完工总成本,这个不利条件有时反而成为部分造船企业进行盈余管理调整企业利润的一种手段。另一方面是主观因素。造船厂为了实现调节利润的目的,往往倾向于人为调节预计完工总成本,这时企业如果缺乏完善的内部财务核算与报告制度,其建造合同成本及各项成本核算基础工作势必也无法得到真实有效的完成。

 

3、建造合同完工进度的确定存在较强主观性。我国建造合同准则规定,对于建造合同进度及结果能够可靠计量的,企业应于每月月末按照完工百分比法确认建造合同费用及建造合同收入。造船行业属于建造业,理应遵循建造合同准则。准则中规定的合并完工进度确认法具体来说有以下三种计算方式:一是计算已完成合同工作量与合同预计全部工作量的比例,适用于建造合同工作量容易确定的造船合同。然而,在实际操作中,造船业的已完成合同工作量往往较难予以准确计量。二是计算实际发生的累计合同成本与合同预计总建造成本的比例,这种方法较易受人为主观因素影响,对于合同实际发生的成本可能因人为主观因素的影响而被随意延后或提前进行确认,在造船企业中存在较大的调节空间,且合同预计总成本的确认也存在一定的主观随意性。三是需要造船专业人员进行勘测,以科学确定实际完工进度,适用于水下施工工程等一些特殊的建造合同。该方法也存在诸多局限性,必须由专业人员进行现场科学测定,并非由建造承包商自行随意测定。目前来看,专业人员的确认标准尚未统一,勘测机关测定标准的权威性不足,而且专业人员进行勘测的费用与时间限制可能并不能满足现实造船企业的需要等。

 

4、建造收入与应收账款确认时间不一或致企业资产与负债虚增。我国会计准则对企业应收账款确认时间的有关规定与建造合同准则中规范的建造合同收入确认时间的有关规定不相一致,造船行业应收账款按照向船东实际结算的工程价款加以确定,而其建造收入则在资产负债表日按照完工进度加以确认,两者确定的数额间可能存在一定差异。结合上面那个例子进行讨论,一般而言,造船企业与船东进行结算的时点设在开工、上台、下水及交船四个阶段,每完成一个阶段的工程,船东就会如约将工程款项打入造船企业账户。然而,受外部宏观经济形势的不利影响,造船行业逐步由卖方市场转向买方市场,船东在建造合同中占有较大优势,他们可能会选择按合同总价的30%~50%预付工程款项,尾款待工程完工时一并付清。所以,与原先结算时点的有关规定相比,造船企业就多出了许多的应收账款,从而违背了会计准则中要求的谨慎性原则,可能导致企业资产与负债的大量虚增。

5、存在人为调节利润与收入的操作空间。建造合同准则适用于合同工作量容易确定的建造合同,如砌筑工程、道路工程等,这时可根据累计实际完成的工作量占建造合同全部工作量之比,来计算完工进度,进而运用完工进度法确认建造合同收入及成本。然而,在实际操作中,随着实际情况的不断变化,造船行业面临的形势越来越不确定,运用完工进度法虽然有助于利用建造合同完工进度将合同收入与合同成本进行合理配比,但在其造船周期在很多时候都小于1年的情况下,完工进度法的运用也意味着造船企业可以自行控制完工进度,有意识地向着利己的目标进行人为调节收入与利润,这样反而无法反映造船工程项目的真实经营成果。造船企业经营者有时为了完成考核目标实现考评指标,甚至要求财务人员进行盈余管理人为调节建造合同利润与收入。总之,建造合同完工进度法为造船企业利润调节留下了广阔的操作空间。

 

6、对企业税务缴纳存在不利影响。按照税法有关规定,造船建造合同持续期超过1年的,可按已完成工作量或完工百分比法确认收入的实现,这点与企业会计准则有关规定相一致。然而,准则同时要求造船企业在按照完工进度确认建造合同成本与收入后,对于所产生的建造合同利润要立即缴纳有关税费,而实际上合理的缴税时机是在船东支付进度款项时。在目前造船施工进度远超工程价款结算进度的情况下,造船企业就要自行垫付大量资金缴纳相关税费,这时如果企业有多个合同同时实施,势必造成资金周转困难,现金流量不足。同时,造船企业的应交税费账户将长期挂账,其财务报表中的“应交税费”余额也无法反映其现实的纳税义务,最终将严重影响造船企业的建造合同施工效益。

 

四、完善建造合同准则在造船行业的应用有关建议

尽管建造合同准则在造船行业中的应用存在诸多弊端,但目前仍然要遵循建造准则规定,只有造船行业努力完善成本核算,减少收入确定过程中的不确定性,才有可能及时归集成本,确认收入。具体来说,造船行业在应用建造合同准则的过程中应注意从以下方面加以改善。

 

1、完善定额制度加强部门沟通。针对建造合同结果预计存在的困难,应从以下两方面加以完善:一方面,造船企业必须建立健全定额制度,将成本定额与完工船只的实际耗费成本及时进行比对分析,深入分析差异背后的原因,为日后船只建造合同总成本预测工作进一步积累有益经验,切实解决建造合同总成本预计难的问题。另一方面,造船企业的经营部门应及时与技术、联合生产等部门加强沟通与联系,签订有效的协议或合约,将讨论结果及时反馈给财务部门,有效规避交船当月建造收入出现大幅增长的风险,及时消除因合同修改或变更所导致的合同总收入发生的变化。

 

2、加强仓储管理系统确定完工百分比。造船企业应当建立健全务类财产物资的领用、收发、清查、报废及转移等有关制度,积极强化仓储管理,系统综合地反映建造合同实施过程中出现的各类经济业务,及时有效地核算施工过程中发生的有关合同成本,准确高效地归集未完成建造合同有关的实际发生的合同成本。只有切实做到上述几点,才能准确确定建造合同实施的完工进度。

 

3、依据建造合同规定真实反映企业资产与负债。上面讲到,造船企业的建造收入与其应收账款的确认时间不一致,易导致企业的资产与负债有所虚增。对此,应当严格依据合同规定,对于合同规定到达了通常的结算点但却未到付款期的情况,不应确认应收账款;对于合同规定到达了收款期却未收到工程价款时,才应当确认应收账款。只有这样,才能使企业的资产与负债在财务报表中得到真实有效的反映。

 

4、加强内部审计提升财务人员专业判断力。建造合同准则中合同总成本预计的准确性及合同实施结果的可靠程度在很大程度上依赖于造船行业财务人员的专业判断能力。如当一艘船只完工进度达到70%时,企业就要对原来的预测总成本进行相应的调整,进行调整时必须附上相应的调整依据或支撑材料。这时企业通过对造船合同的实施加强内部审计,实施事中跟踪审计,利用职业判断能力及专业预测能力及时发现不合理的财务会计处理行为,并提出行之有效的解决措施,最终客观反映造船合同实施的真实财务状况。

 

【参考文献】

[1] 朱燕:浅议建造合同准则实践及建议[j].会计师,2012(8).

[2] 杨庆中:浅议完工百分比法在施工企业核算中的利弊[j].山西财税,2011(1).

[3] 马彦坤、甘玉江、谢晖:谈建造合同准则在会计实务中的运用[j].财会月刊,2008(12).

建造合同篇5

一、建造合同预计损失核算概述

(一)建造合同预计损失的产生

建造合同预计损失是由于建造合同的预计总成本超过合同总收入所致。我们可以从合同总收入和合同预计总成本两个方面来探寻建造合同损失产生的原因。

1.合同总收入视角

根据建造合同准则,合同总收入包括合同的初始收入、合同变更收入、(向客户或第三方)索赔收入、奖励收入等。实务中,合同总收入是对合同金额经过一系列调整而成,常见的调整因素如:国内建造合同价格清单中包含增值税应税货物或劳务的需对销项税计算扣除、以外币计价的浮动汇率建造合同因汇率变动而导致折算后的人民币总收入上升或下降等。以外币浮动汇率合同为例,其合同总收入通常按以下公式计算得出:合同总收入=实际收取的外币款项入账时折算的人民币金额+尚未收取的外币款项×核算当日中国人民银行公布的该外币折算为人民币的汇率(或采用某种方法预计的后期收款折算汇率)。若外币浮动汇率计价的建造合同签订后,出现人民币对该外币大幅升值,将会导致重新计算后的合同总收入较合同签订时的预计总收入下降,假设合同预计总成本在合同签订后不变或变动较小时,则可能会形成合同预计损失。

2.合同预计总成本视角

合同费用是指为执行建造合同而发生的从合同签订至竣工交付所发生的设备材料、人工、机械使用费等直接费用及分摊计入的间接费用。一般来说,建造合同承包方为了合理地进行合同定价,通常在谈判阶段就会编制合同预算,形成合同预计总成本清单。合同执行过程中,建造承包方为及时合理反映合同预计总成本情况,通常需要在实际已发生成本的基础上综合考虑各种因素,对后期预计将发生的成本重新进行梳理测算。此时,若发生原材料、劳动力价格上涨,或此前难以预见的合同工程量增加等情况时,预计将发生的成本将会增加,进而导致合同预计总成本增加。当合同预计总成本超过合同总收入时便会产生合同预计损失。

可见,合同预计损失的产生通常是由于合同总收入的调整减少、预计总成本的上升,或二者综合影响所致。

(二)建造合同预计损失的分析判断

根据建造合同准则解释,建造承包商正在建造的资产,类似于工业企业的在产品,性质上属于建造承包商的存货,期末应当对其进行减值测试。在对该建造合同进行减值测试时可比照存货减值的判断方法,即对建造合同的成本和可变现净值进行比较。成本即执行该建造合同以来实际已发生的成本,可变现净值可理解为该建造合同的总收入扣除至合同完工将要发生的成本、估计的销售费用以及相关税费后的金额。而建造合同的合同预计总成本由实际发生的成本加预计将发生的成本构成。因此,判断建造合同预计损失时可直接将合同总收入和预计总成本比较,当合同预计总成本超过合同总收入时,应确认合同预计损失。

二、建造合同预计损失的会计核算

实务中建造合同预计损失的会计处理主要涉及计提、转回和转销三个方面。

(一)合同预计损失准备的计提

根据建造合同准则,合同预计总成本超过合同总收入的,应当将预计损失确认为当期费用。实务中,首先应根据实际已发生成本和最新的预计总成本计算确定新的完工进度,进而根据新的完工进度乘以合同总收入和预计总成本计算确定截至当期应确认的合同累计收入和累计成本,扣除上期已确认的累计收入和累计成本,得出本期应确认的收入和成本,并作相应的账务处理。对于建造合同实际已完工部分的损失在按完工百分比法确认合同收入成本时已体现到报表毛利中;未完工部分的合同预计损失(即预计总损失扣减累计已确认损失)需计提存货跌价准备并确认为当期费用,入账时借记“资产减值损失—合同预计损失”,贷记“存货跌价准备—合同损失准备”。实务中,还会存在因亏损扩大而需补提合同预计损失的情况,可比照上述方法处理。另外,实务中每个会计期末对项目进行核算时都会可能出现合同预计损失的补提、转回或转销,按上述方法多次计算后,存货跌价准备的余额可能会存在误差,此时,可通过以下公式进行验证:存货跌价准备余额=合同预计总损失×(1-完工进度)。

(二)合同预计损失准备的转回

比照存货跌价准备转回的处理方法,建造合同承包方也应在资产负债表日对建造合同的可变现净值进行复核,主要包括对合同总收入重新核定、对合同预计将发生的成本重新估算等。当导致合同预计损失的影响因素已经消失时(如前文所述的导致浮动汇率合同总收入减少的人民币升值趋势扭转为开始贬值、导致合同预计将发生成本增加的原材料价格上涨因素消失等),企业应对建造合同预计损失在已计提的存货跌价准备的金额内(若按进度转销的还应扣除已转销金额)转回。入账时借记“存货跌价准备—合同损失准备”,贷记“资产减值损失—合同预计损失”。

(三)合同预计损失准备的转销

建造合同篇6

关键词:建造合同 核算 方法技巧

中图分类号:F284 文献标识码:A

文章编号:1004-4914(2013)03-287-02

《企业会计准则第15号——建造合同准则》于2006年颁布实施,到现在已有7年了,其核算的纷繁复杂常常令会计核算人员感到头疼。笔者多年来从事建造合同核算工作,积累了一些关于建造合同核算的心得体会和方法技巧,总结起来就是“处理好一个关系,把握好两条主线,利用好核算台账”,在此与大家共同分享、探讨。

一、处理好一个关系

处理好一个关系,就是处理好企业各部门的分工协作关系,做好数据衔接工作。建造合同的核算涉及企业多个部门,主要有预算部门、财务部门、施工部门、材料部门、机械部门、劳资部门等。首先,企业管理层应站在企业整体负责的高度,成立至少由总会计师以上领导负责的协调机构,要求建造合同核算涉及到的所有部门都要参与进来。其次,企业应明确和细化各部门在建造合同核算中的职责分工,做到各司其职。现就几个主要部门的职责分工简要说明:(1)预算部门。主要职责是根据建造合同文件及相关资料会同有关部门,预计合同收入、成本和毛利,并根据工程项目实际进展情况及变化,定期进行调整;根据相关资料确定完工百分比;及时取得业主或甲方认定的工程结算资料,并及时将以上相关资料提供给财务部门。(2)材料部门。主要职责是做好材料的市场询价及采购工作,及时向预算部门提供预计合同成本所需资料;做好材料的收、发、存及盘点等日常管理工作,及时向财务部门提供实际成本相关资料。(3)机械部门。熟悉机械使用定额,根本项目实际情况对所需机械台日数量和使用费进行测算,及时向预算部门提供预计合同成本所需资料;做好机械调入、调出、使用、维修等日常管理工作,及时向财务部门提供实际成本相关资料。(4)财务部门。编制合同成本、费用等财务预算,及时提供给预算部门;根据各业务部门提供的原始资料,归集合同实际成本,做好实际成本费用的记录、核算、分析等工作,及时向预算部门提供合同实际成本相关资料。

二、把握好两条主线

建造合同核算的关键在于完工百分比的确定,难点是当期合同收入的确认与实际款项的结算不相匹配,合同成本的确认与工程实际支出不相匹配。建造合同的核算要把握关键、突破难点,应围绕两条主线进行:一是合同收入、合同成本、合同毛利的核算。这条主线的核心工作是由预算部门会同材料、机械、施工、劳资等业务部门及财务部门做好对合同总收入、合同总成本的预测,并依据财务部门提供的工程实际成本和合同预计总成本确定完工百分比,计算当期合同收入、合同成本及合同毛利;二是应收、应付及工程价款结算的核算。这条主线的核心工作是积极与业主或甲方进行沟通,按照建造合同约定,以书面形式取得其认可的结算金额或工作量,据此确认应收账款。材料部门、机械部门、施工部门等业务部门及时完成同供应商、分包单位当期价款结算,财务部门据此归集工程实际成本,确认应付账款。合同收入的确认与实际款项的结算,合同成本的确认与工程实际支出虽然在工程施工过程中不相匹配,但是它们之间又存在着联系,合同收入总额与最终实际款项结算总额相等,合同成本总额与工程实际支出总额也会殊途同归。

三、有效利用建造合同台账

根据各部门在建造合同核算中的职责分工,围绕建造合同核算的两条主线,有效利用建造合同台账来梳理建造合同的核算,会起到事半功倍的效果。建造合同台账可以通过excel电子表格来建立,每个会计期间需要录入的数据相对比较固定(见附表C栏中标记为阴影的单元格),并由固定的部门负责提供(见附表D栏),其余的数据可以通过excel电子表格公式自动计算取得。笔者在实际工作中用到的模板如下(由于篇幅有限,这里仅以成本百分比法的一般情况为例),下面就建造合同台账分三个部分来介绍:第一部分,建造合同的基本信息。基本信息应以建造合同准则订立的合同为单位确定,主要登记的内容有:建造合同编号及名称、甲方名称、合同总金额、合同预算完工量或总成本、预计利润或亏损、完工进度确认的方法等。这部分内容有利于我们区别不同的合同及选择不同核算方法,这部分内容主要由预算或合同管理部门提供信息。第二部分,当期基础核算数据的录入。这里需要录入的信息和数据包括:合同总收入和预计总成本的变更及调整,累计发生的合同总成本、累计开具发票金额、累计收款金额。此部分数据根据当期预算部门数据和财务部门会计账面数据填列。第三部分,计算确认金额(这里仅以成本百分比法为例进行说明)。

1.计算确认累计的完工进度。根据电子表格公式设定自动运算累计完工进度。公式为:累计完工进度=累计实际发生的合同成本÷合同预计总成本×100%。

2.计算确认期末累计合同收入、累计合同成本、累计毛利和当期应确认的合同收入、合同成本、合同毛利。根据电子表格公式设定自动运算,公式为:期末累计合同收入=合同总收入×完工进度;期末累计合同成本=合同预计总成本×完工进度;期末累计毛利=(合同总收入-合同预计总成本)×完工进度。期末累计合同收入、累计合同成本、累计毛利减去上期相应的累计金额,计算得到当期合同收入、合同成本、合同毛利。根据计算结果按建造合同准则要求编制有关分录。借记“主营业务成本”、“工程施工——合同毛利”,贷记“主营业务收入”。

3.计算确认与建造合同有关的应收账款及价款结算。根据电子表格公式设定自动运算,公式为:本期应收账款余额=甲方累计开具发票进行结算金额-累计收款金额。借记“应收账款”,贷记“工程结算”。工程全部完工后,将“工程施工”科目余额同“工程结算”科目余额对冲。

4.上述表格是一个核算期间的内容,核算人员可以根据合同期限,将二、三部分复制、延续下去,直到该建造合同竣工结算完毕。

5.以上主要是从建立建造合同台账的角度,对建造合同核算的关系进行了说明。实际工作中,工程实际成本可按照《企业会计准则第15号——建造合同准则》要求进行归集。财务部门于月末根据各业务部门提供的结算凭证,分别工程材料成本、人工成本、机械使用成本、分包成本及间接成本等进行核算,记入“工程施工——合同成本”,这里不再赘述。

综上所述,只要理顺各相关部门之间的关系,紧紧抓住建造合同核算的两条主线,吃透建造合同准则核算的实质,再辅以适当的核算工具,建造合同核算工作就会变得条理轻松起来。

参考文献:

1.财政部.企业会计准则第15号建造合同.财会[2006]3号

2.中国注册会计师协会编.2011年度注册会计师统一考试辅导会计教材.中国财政经济出版社

(作者单位:天津市津房科技投资发展有限公司 天津 300191)

建造合同篇7

企业采用完工百分比法对长期建造合同进行确认和计量,应当同时满足以下条件:合同总收入能可靠地计量。如工程合同采取招投标方式取得,事先已经固定下来;与合同相关的经济利益能够流入企业。如合同的履行具有较强的法律约束和强制力,也就是说,工程完工后能够顺利地收到相应的工程款;或者是与当地政府机关签约,承建一项市政工程,收回工程款也有较高的保障;在资产负债表日合同完工进度和为完成合同尚需发生的成本能够可靠地确定;为完成合同已经发生的合同成本能够清楚地区分和可靠地计量,以便实际合同成本能够与以前的预计成本相比较。

如果某项工程同时符合上述条件,那么,建造合同的结果就能够可靠地估计,就应当在资产负债表日,采用完工百分比法确认合同收入和费用;如果某项工程不能符合上述条件或其中之一时,就应当采用完成合同法。例如,某高层建筑工程项目在招标结束后,取得建造合同的企业在打地桩时,发现该建筑所选地基属沉积地形,地基成本难以确定,那么,也只有采用完工合同法来核算该工程的收入与费用了。

采用完工百分比法确认和计量长期建造合同的成功关键是恰当、合理地确定合同完工进度。

我国《会计准则——建造合同》和《企业会计制度》对于完工百分比的确定规定了三种方法:

累计实际发生的合同成本占预计总成本的比例;已经完成的合同工作量占合同预计总工作量的比例;已完合同工作的测量。

合同完工进度可以按投入和产出两个方面加以确定。其中投入量是将累计到某一日期(如资产负债表日)的工程投入与工程预计总投入相比较,借以确定工程完工的程度或比例,具体用来比较的投入量是工程的累计投入成本与预计总成本。与投入量相反,产出计量是以工程完成的工作量为基础,与工程总的作业量相比较,以确定工程的合同完工进度。

应当指出的是,在高度动荡的市场经济环境下,从事长期建造合同的实施,是一种需要较高投入的高风险经营活动,其结果有时实在难以预料。因此,应运而生了一种比完工合同法更为稳健的确认与计量长期建造合同的方法——成本回收法。成本回收法要求在所投入的成本未得到足额补偿之前,不确认任何利润。

在美国,“会计原则委员会”第10号意见书允许在“缺乏预计可收回性的合理基础”时,采用成本回收法确认收入及其利润;“财务会计准则委员会”在其“财务会计准则”45号及66号有规定了可以采用成本回收法。

在我国,《企业会计准则——建造合同》和《企业会计制度》第五章第二节“建造合同收入”,也规定可以使用“成本回收法”来确认与计量长期建造合同。如果长期建造合同的结果不能可靠地估计,采用成本回收法确认与计量长期建造合同,应区分以下情况进行处理:

合同成本能够收回的,合同收入根据能够收回的实际合同成本加以确定;合同成本不可能收回的,应在发生时立即确认为费用,不确认收入;如果合同预计总成本将超过合同预计总收入,应将预计损失立即确认为当期费用。

需要注意的是,由于成本回收法过分稳健,所以,其应用理当受到严格的限制。一方面,只有当工程收入的可收回性难以合理预计或存在极大的不确定性,以及长期建造合同的结果不能可靠地估计时,才能采用成本回收法确认与计量长期建造合同;另一方面,当采用成本回收法确认与计量长期建造合同后,必须在年度财务报告中详细地披露采用该方法的原因和理由,以及由于采用该方法而对年度财务报告所产生实质影响的金额。

内容摘要:长期建造合同的交易需要较长的时间才能完成。在此期间,由于客观因素的变化,其收入和费用具有很大的不确定性,因此,承包商应合理地确认与计量长期建造合同,关键在于合理把握与建造合同相关的风险与报酬的转移程度并及时加以确认;选择正确的计量方法。

关键词:长期建造合同确认计量方法

对于承包商而言,长期建造合同是一种特殊的经济业务,从工程开始到最后完工结算,一个完整的交易需要较长时间。在整个交易过程中,由于市场客观环境的复杂多变,交易双方的风险和报酬也在不断地发生变化。因此,合理确认与计量同长期建造合同相关的收入与费用,对于正确估价企业在执行长期建造合同过程中所取得的报酬和所承担的相应风险,具有重要意义。

参考资料:

1.葛家澍主编,中级财务会计学[M],北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999

2.财政部,企业会计准则1999[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1999

建造合同篇8

【关键词】新建造合同准则;施工企业;应用研究

我国建造合同准则最早于1998年6月25日,1999年1月1日开始在上市公司实施,2006年2月财政部了新的企业会计准则体系,作为我国会计改革最重要的部分,新会计准则一经问世,就受到了理论界、实务界各方的广泛关注。我国基本建立了由1项基本准则、38项具体准则和相关应用指南构成的完整的企业会计准则体系。新的企业会计准则体系强化了为投资者和社会公众提供决策有用会计信息的新理念,实现了与国际惯例的趋同,首次构建了比较完整的有机统一体系,并为改进国际财务报告准则提供了有益借鉴,实现了中国企业会计准则建设新的跨越和突破。如此大规模的准则变动,势必会对施工企业单位的会计核算产生深远影响。新的企业会计准则对建造合同准则进行了修订,新的建造合同准则对施工企业建造合同的确认、计量和相关信息的披露进行了规范,同时对施工企业的管理与职业判断提出了更高要求。新准则在一定程度上更加规范了施工企业的会计行为,提高了会计信息质量,但在具体的执行过程中,施工企业仍面临许多难题与困惑,必须正确地研究和解决这些问题,才能保证新建造合同准则顺利地得以实施。

一、建造合同新准则的主要变化

与原准则比较,新准则主要是进行了体例上的修订,修订的主要内容有:

(一)核算内容的变化。建造合同的标的物一般都具有金额大、时间长的特点,通常开工日期与完工日期分属于不同的会计期,新准则取消了原准则中“在一个会计年度内完成的建造合同,应在完成时确认合同收入和合同费用”的规定。

(二)增加了合同分立条款。新准则增加了追加资产的建造内容规定。追加资产的建造,满足下列条件之一的,应当作为单项合同:1.该追加资产在设计、技术或功能上与原合同包括的一项或数项资产存在重大差异。2.议定该追加资产的造价时,不需要考虑原合同价款。修订后,合同分立和合同合并的规定更为具体、全面,具有较强的可操作性。

(三)明确了合同收入和合同费用的确认。对于当期没有完成的建造合同,新准则规定:“在资产负债表日,应当按照合同总收入乘以完工进度扣除以前会计期间累计已确认收入后的金额,确认为当期合同收入;同时,按照合同预计总成本乘以完工进度扣除以前会计期间累计已确认费用后的金额,确认为当期合同费用。”新准则的内容更加清晰、明确。

(四)合同收入计量差异。原准则第八条规定,合同收入应以收到或应收的工程价款计量。这里所说的工程价款是指建造合同的总金额或总造价。可是,如果工程价款显示的金额与公允价值的差异较大,按照工程价款来确认收入就不够准确了,新准则考虑到公允价值的因素后将其删除。

(五)合同成本的差异。原准则详细规定了其他直接费用和间接费用构成的详细内容,而新准则只是对此作出了原则性的规定,更加简洁、易懂。同时明确:“合同成本不包括应当计入当期损益的管理费用、销售费用和财务费用。”

(六)披露部分的变化。新准则对原准则要求披露的内容进行重新编排,并要求企业按每项合同披露相关信息,同时取消了原准则中要求披露“当期确认的合同收入和合同费用的金额”和“应收账款中尚未收到的工程进度款”的条款。

二、执行建造合同新准则对企业的主要影响

(一)执行建造合同新准则对企业的主要影响

1.新准则增加了第六条,规定了追加资产作为单项建造合同确认的条件。如果建造合同追加资产符合确认为单项建造合同的条件,企业应将追加资产作为单项建造合同进行会计处理,这样会造成企业的会计核算对象的变动进而影响相关会计核算对象的经济效益,但不会造成企业的整体经济效益发生变动。

2.新准则把“因订立合同而发生的有关费用,应直接确认为当期费用”修改为“应当直接计入当期损益”,按旧准则的要求应将该费用记入“营业费用”科目,按新准则的要求则应直接计入“本年利润”,但这样不会造成企业的经济效益发生波动。

3.新准则要求企业在财务报告附注中披露的建造合同信息中不再包括“当期确认的合同收入和合同费用的金额”和“应收账款中尚未收到的工程进度款”。

(二)执行建造合同新准则的优势

1.更加符合企业的管理目标

由于投入衡量将投入与产出有机地联系在一起,通过累计发生的实际成本与合同预计总成本的比例来确定完工百分比,从而有利于对整个项目的成本进行核算与监督,及时发现问题,减少项目风险,并对整个项目的经济效益进行考核,更加符合目前施工企业普遍实施的项目法施工管理模式。

2.有利于提高整个企业的经营管理水平

由于运用投入衡量法需预计合同总成本,而对项目成本的预测和控制是一个系统工程,涉及企业管理的方方面面,需要发挥各部门的作用;另一方面,目前企业所处的市场环境越来越复杂。不确定因素越来越多,促使企业运用先进的管理方法,提高预测的及时性和准确性,为企业的经营管理服务。

3.这种方法在国际上更为常用

虽然国际会计准则及许多国家规定可用投入衡量和产出衡量两种方法计算完工百分比,但由于投入衡量更为先进可行,所以被广泛采用。随着全球经济的一体化,我国会计改革的终极目标就是将我国的会计完全融入世界会计的发展轨道,从而实现与国际会计的可比,为资本在国际间的流动提供真正的信息支持。

三、应用建造合同新准则中存在的主要问题

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