浅析定语从句的先行词与关联词

时间:2022-09-16 10:31:58

众所周知,定语从句是英语语法的一个非常重要的板块,也是历年高考以及各省市模拟试题的考查热点,更是诸多同学容易出错的地方。探究出错原因,不难发现,很多同学源于对先行词与关联词之间的关系把握不当。

什么是先行词?所谓先行词,就是定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,它通常在主句中做主语、宾语、表语或同位语。本文试从两个方面来探讨先行词与关联词之间的关系,以期对同学们真正掌握和灵活运用定语从句有所帮助。

一、 先行词决定关联词

引导定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词,用什么样的关联词通常由先行词决

定。也就是说,一般情况下主要看先行词在从句中所充当的句子成分。请看下表:

然而,在实际运用时,先行词与关联词之间的情况十分复杂,要点繁多,同学们极易

混淆,概念不清,屡屡出错,现将主要要点或难点归纳如下:

1. 在从句中作表语,先行词无论是人还是物,关联词一般用that。

例如:My friend, Betty, is not the girl that she used to be. 我朋友贝蒂,已经不是原来的那个她了。

2. 当主句是who或which引导的特殊问句时,先行词不管是人还是物,无论在从句中做主语或宾语,关联词通常用that,而不用who或which。

例如:Who is the lucky boy that has been recommended to Tsinghua University by the headmaster?谁是校长推荐去清华上学的幸运男孩?

Which is the cell phone that is the most practical here?这儿最实用的手机是哪一款?

3. 先行词为物,无论在从句中做主语或宾语,关联词通常用that和which都可以,但以下几种场合用that,不宜用which。

1) 先行词被形容词的最高级修饰。

例如:What do you think of the latest iPhone 4S that has come on the market?你觉得市场上最新的iPhone 4S怎么样?

2) 先行词被序数词修饰。

例如:The last gift that he received on his birthday is what he likes most. 他生日收到的最后一个礼物是他最喜欢的。

3) 先行词被不定代词修饰或本身就是不定代词。

例如:There is little that can be done now. 现在几乎什么都做不了。

All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不都是金子。

4) 先行词前面有any, no, very, only, last, next等修饰。

例如:Thank you very much. You are the only person that understands me. 谢谢你。只有你懂我。

4. 与第三种情形相反,先行词为物,关联词用which,不宜用that。

1) 先行词在从句中紧跟在介词之后充当宾语。

例如:What a pity! I lost the pen with which I used to do my homework when I was young. 真可惜!我年轻时做作业的笔被我弄丢了。

2) 在非限制性定语从句中。

例如:Ted came wearing only a T-shirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such cold weather. 泰德来时只穿了一件T恤,在这么冷的天这样穿是件愚蠢的事。

5. 先行词为人,无论在从句中做主语或宾语,关联词一般用who和that皆可。但以下几种情形宜用who / whom,不用that。

1) 在非限制性定语从句中。

例如:The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. 那位想复出的著名篮球明星吸引了很多的注意。

2) 先行词为everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, one, ones等。

例如:When I went in, they were talking about someone who / whom I didn’t know. 当我进去时,他们在讨论一个我不认识的人。

3) 一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个用了关系代词that,另一个要用who。

例如:The girl that is standing by the window is my friend who speaks English very well. 站在窗边的女孩是我的朋友,她英语说的很好。

6. 先行词为两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的短语。

例如:He told us about the people and things that he had seen on the way. 他告诉我们他一路上的所见所闻。

7. 先行词在从句中充当介词宾语,有以下三种情形:

1) 介词位于从句之尾,先行词为人,关联词一般用whom, who, 或 that,一般可以省略;如果先行词是物,关联词则用that或which,也可以省略。

例如:The man (whom / who / that) the reporter spoke to is Gao Xiaosong who got 6 months in jail for drunk driving. 和主持人说话的人是高晓松,他因酒驾而判6个月的监禁。

Nearby is the bus(that / which) we came here on just now. 我们来时搭乘的汽车刚刚还在附近。

2) 介词位于从句之首,先行词为人,关联词只能用whom,而且不可省略;先行词是物,关联词只能用which,也不可省略。试比较:

例如:The man to whom the reporter spoke is Gao Xiaosong who got 6 months in jail for drunk driving.

Nearby is the bus on which we came here on just now.

3) 如果介词与动词是固定短语,介词不可提前。

例如:They often think of the boy (whom / who / that) they looked after when he was young. 他们时常想起他们年轻时照顾的男孩。

8. 在从句中作定语,如果先行词是人,关联词用whose;如果先行词为物,关联词whose或of which都可以。

例如:A teacher is a person whose duty it is to help his students learn their lessons well. 教师的职责就是帮助他的学生学好功课。

The poor man lives in the house whose windows are all broken. 那个穷人住在一个窗户都坏了的房子里。

= The poor man lives in the house of which the windows are all broken.

= The poor man lives in the house the windows of which are all broken.

注意:先行词为物,在从句中作定语,用of which时,所修饰的名词前一定要用定冠词the加以修饰。

9. 先行词为time,在从句中做状语,关联词一般用that或when或省略。

例如:I’ll never forget the hard time (that / when) I stayed in that country. 我永远不会忘记我在那个国家的艰难岁月。

但是,如果time前面出现了序数词,关联词一般用that或省略。

例如:This is the first time (that) I have seen such a beautiful sight. 我第一次见到这样的美景。

10. 先行词为way,在从句中做状语,关联词用that或in which或省略。

例如:At first nobody knew the way (that / in which) President Al-qaddafi of Libya was killed. 开始,没有人知道利比亚总统卡扎菲是怎样被杀的。

11. 先行词指代不明。所谓先行词指代不明,是指先行词不是一个具体而明确的人或物。这时,我们通常套用以下两种句型:1) anyone / he who ……;2) those / people who ……。

例如:Anyone / He who studies hard is sure to learn his lessons well. / Those / People who study hard are sure to learn their lessons well. 学习认真的人定能学好功课。

12. 先行词无论是人还是物,如果前面有the same, such, so或as修饰,关联词通常用as。

例如:I’m afraid such a man as he is can’t do it well. 我担心像他这样的人做不好。

但是,as用着关系代词引导定语从句,须注意以下两点:

1) such / so …… as(定语从句)与such / so …… that(结果状语从句)不同。关键是看从句的句子成分是否完整,完整的用that,否则用as,因为引导定语从句的关联词在从句中一定要充当一定的句子成分。

试比较:

Mr. Green has never set such a difficult task as his students can’t finish.(定语从句)格林先生从未出过让他学生无法完成的难题。

Mr. Green has never set such a difficult task that his students can’t finish it.(结果状语从句)格林先生从未出过这么难的题目以至他的学生不能完成。

2) 先行词前面出现了修饰语the same,一般用关系代词as,但有时也可用that。区别在于:用as,表示两者相像;而如两者指同一样东西或人,则用that。

试比较:

Rosy wear the same clothes as Jenny does. 萝丝穿着和简妮一样的衣服。

She is the same teacher that was praised on Teachers’ Day. 她就是教师节那天被表扬的老师。

二、 先行词决定关联词的人称和数

由上文可知,关联词主要取决于先行词。然而,我们同样不可忽略的是,先行词不但决定关联词本身而且也决定了关联词的人称和数。以下三种情形大家得特别注意:

1. 关系代词who, that, which以及as,它们可以表示单数概念也可以表示复数概念,引导定语从句时完全取决于先行词。请比较以下例句:

I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you out. 我是你的老师,会尽全力帮你。

He, who is your teacher, will try his best to help you out. 他是你的老师,会尽全力帮你的。

Do you know the boy who / that is playing basketball over there?你认识在那儿打篮球的男生么?

Do you know the boys who / that are playing basketball over there?你认识那些在那儿打篮球的男生么?

2. 先行词为one of +“复数名词”短语,要注意从句的主谓一致问题。一般情况下,定语从句的谓语动词要与one of 后面复数名词一致,确切地说,“复数名词”是定语从句的先行词,即从句在人称和数上须与其保持一致。

例如:He is one of the people who have witnessed the horrible traffic accident. 他是那起悲惨交通事故的目击者之一。

但是,one of + “复数名词”短语前如果出现了the, the only, the very等修饰语时,one是定语从句的先行词,从句在人称和数上须与one保持一致。

试比较:He is the only one of the people who has witnessed the horrible traffic accident. 他是那起悲惨交通事故的唯一目击者。

3. 先行词为集体名词,如果着眼于该集体的整体,关系代词用which / that;如若要表示该集体的成员,则通常用who。

例如:The football team, which is playing very well, will most probably win the game. 这个足球队踢得很好,最有可能赢。

The football team, who are having baths, will be back here for supper. 在洗澡的足球队很快会回这儿吃晚饭。

综上所述,先行词是掌握和运用定语从句的关键。我们分清了主从句之后,只要注意先行词,分析先行词在从句中所充当的句子成分,同时兼顾一些特殊规则,相信定语从句将不再是大家语法学习的一大难点。

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