马歇尔计划

英语演讲稿+

《欧洲复兴计划》的通称。第二次世界大战后美国争夺全球战略的重点—欧洲的扩张计划。1947年6月5日，国务卿G．C．马歇尔在哈佛大学发表演说，首先提出援助欧洲经济复兴的方案，故名。他说。当时欧洲经济濒于崩溃，粮食和燃料等物质极度匮乏，而其需要的进口量远远超过它的支付能力。如果没有大量额外援助，就会面临性质非常严重的经济、社会和政治的危机。他呼吁欧洲国家采取主动，共同制订一项经济复兴计划，美国则用其生产过剩的物资援助欧洲国家。1947年7-9月，英、法、意、奥、比、荷、卢、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、爱尔兰、冰岛16国的代表在巴黎开会，决定接受马歇尔计划（1948年4月，德国西部占领区和的里雅斯特自由区也宣布接受），建立了欧洲经济合作委员会，提出了要求美国在4年内提供援助和贷款224亿美元的总报告。1948年4月3日美国国会通过《对外援助法案》，马歇尔计划正式执行。计划原定期限5年（1948-1952），1951年底，美国宣布提前结束，代之以《共同安全计划》。美国对欧洲拨款共达131．5亿美元，其中赠款占88％，余为贷款。马歇尔计划实施期间，西欧国家的国民生产总值增长25％。马歇尔计划是战后美国对外经济技术援助最成功的计划，它为北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体的建立奠定了基础，对西欧的联合和经济的恢复起了促进作用，同时，也缓和了美国国内即将发生的经济危机。

Mr.President,Dr.Conant,membersoftheBoardofOverseers,LadiesandGentlemen:

Iamprofoundlygrateful,touchedbythegreatdistinctionandhonorandgreatcomplimentaccordedmebytheauthoritiesofHarvardthismorning.Iamoverwhelmed,asamatteroffact,andIamratherfearfulofmyinabilitytomaintainsuchahighratingasyou''''vebeengenerousenoughtoaccordtome.Inthesehistoricandlovelysurroundings,thisperfectday,andthisverywonderfulassembly,itisatremendouslyimpressivethingtoanindividualinmyposition.

Buttospeakmoreseriously,Ineednottellyouthattheworldsituationisveryserious.Thatmustbeapparenttoallintelligentpeople.Ithinkonedifficultyisthattheproblemisoneofsuchenormouscomplexitythattheverymassoffactspresentedtothepublicbypressandradiomakeitexceedinglydifficultforthemaninthestreettoreachaclearappraisementofthesituation.Furthermore,thepeopleofthiscountryaredistantfromthetroubledareasoftheearth,anditishardforthemtocomprehendtheplightandconsequentreactionsofthelong-sufferingpeoplesofEuropeandtheeffectofthosereactionsontheirgovernmentsinconnectionwithoureffortstopromotepeaceintheworld.

InconsideringtherequirementsfortherehabilitationofEurope,thephysicallossoflife,thevisibledestructionofcities,factories,mines,andrailroadswascorrectlyestimated,butithasbecomeobviousduringrecentmonthsthatthisvisibledestructionwasprobablylessseriousthanthedislocationoftheentirefabricofEuropeaneconomy.Forthepasttenyearsconditionshavebeenhighlyabnormal.Thefeverishpreparationforwarandthemorefeverishmaintenanceofthewareffortengulfedallaspectsofnationaleconomies.Machineryhasfallenintodisrepairorisentirelyobsolete.UnderthearbitraryanddestructiveNazirule,virtuallyeverypossibleenterprisewasgearedintotheGermanwarmachine.Long-standingcommercialties,privateinstitutions,banks,insurancecompanies,andshippingcompaniesdisappearedthroughlossofcapital,absorptionthroughnationalization,orbysimpledestruction.Inmanycountries,confidenceinthelocalcurrencyhasbeenseverelyshaken.ThebreakdownofthebusinessstructureofEuropeduringthewarwascomplete.RecoveryhasbeenseriouslyretardedbythefactthattwoyearsafterthecloseofhostilitiesapeacesettlementwithGermanyandAustriahasnotbeenagreedupon.Butevengivenamorepromptsolutionofthesedifficultproblems,therehabilitationoftheeconomicstructureofEuropequiteevidentlywillrequireamuchlongertimeandgreatereffortthanhadbeenforeseen.

Thereisaphaseofthism世界秘书网版权所有atterwhichisbothinterestingandserious.Thefarmerhasalwaysproducedthefoodstuffstoexchangewiththecitydwellerfortheothernecessitiesoflife.Thisdivisionoflaboristhebasisofmoderncivilization.Atthepresenttimeitisthreatenedwithbreakdown.Thetownandcityindustriesarenotproducingadequategoodstoexchangewiththefood-producingfarmer.Rawmaterialsandfuelareinshortsupply.Machinery,asIhavesaid,islackingorwornout.Thefarmerorthepeasantcannotfindthegoodsforsalewhichhedesirestopurchase.Sothesaleofhisfarmproduceformoneywhichhecannotuseseemstohimanunprofitabletransaction.He,therefore,haswithdrawnmanyfieldsfromcropcultivationandhe''''susingthemforgrazing.Hefeedsmoregraintostockandfindsforhimselfandhisfamilyanamplesupplyoffood,howevershorthemaybeonclothingandtheotherordinarygadgetsofcivilization.

Meanwhile,peopleinthecitiesareshortoffoodandfuel,andinsomeplacesapproachingthestarvationlevels.So,thegovernmentsareforcedtousetheirforeignmoneyandcreditstoprocurethesenecessitiesabroad.Thisprocessexhaustsfundswhichareurgentlyneededforreconstruction.Thus,averyserioussituationisrapidlydevelopingwhichbodesnogoodfortheworld.Themodernsystemofthedivisionoflaboruponwhichtheexchangeofproductsisbasedisindangerofbreakingdown.ThetruthofthematteristhatEurope''''srequirementsforthenextthreeorfouryearsofforeignfoodandotheressentialproducts--principallyfromAmerica--aresomuchgreaterthanherpresentabilitytopaythatshemusthavesubstantialadditionalhelporfaceeconomic,social,andpoliticaldeteriorationofaverygravecharacter.

TheremedyseemstolieinbreakingtheviciouscircleandrestoringtheconfidenceofthepeopleofEuropeintheeconomicfutureoftheirowncountriesandofEuropeasawhole.Themanufacturerandthefarmerthroughoutwideareasmustbeableandwillingtoexchangetheirproductforcurrencies,thecontinuingvalueofwhichisnotopentoquestion.

Asidefromthedemoralizingeffectontheworldatlargeandthepossibilitiesofdisturbancesarisingasaresultofthedesperationofthepeopleconcerned,theconsequencestotheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesshouldbeapparenttoall.ItislogicalthattheUnitedStatesshoulddowhateveritisabletodotoassistinthereturnofnormaleconomichealthintheworld,withoutwhichtherecanbenopoliticalstabilityandnoassuredpeace.Ourpolicyisdirectednotagainstanycountryordoctrinebutagainsthunger,poverty,desperation,andchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevivalofaworkingeconomyintheworldsoastopermittheemergenceofpoliticalandsocialconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist.

Suchassistance,Iamconvinced,mustnotbeonapiecemealbasis,asvariouscrisesdevelop.AnyassistancethatthisGovernmentmayrenderinthefutureshouldprovideacureratherthanamerepalliative.Anygovernmentthatiswillingtoassistinthetaskofrecoverywillfindfullcooperation,Iamsure,onthepartoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.Anygovernmentwhichmaneuverstoblocktherecoveryofothercountriescannotexpecthelpfromus.Furthermore,governments,politicalparties,orgroupswhichseektoperpetuatehumanmiseryinordertoprofittherefrompoliticallyorotherwisewillencountertheoppositionoftheUnitedStates.

ItisalreadyevidentthatbeforetheUnitedStatesGovernmentcanproceedmuchfurtherinitseffortstoalleviatethesituationandhelpstarttheEuropeanworldonitswaytorecovery,theremustbesomeagreementamongthecountriesofEuropeastotherequirementsofthesituationandthepartthosecountriesthemselveswilltakeinordertogiveapropereffecttowhateveractionsmightbeundertakenbythisGovernment.ItwouldbeneitherfittingnorefficaciousforourGovernmenttoundertaketodrawupunilaterallyaprogramdesignedtoplaceEuropeonitsfeeteconomically.ThisisthebusinessoftheEuropeans.Theinitiative,Ithink,mustcomefromEurope.TheroleofthiscountryshouldconsistoffriendlyaidinthedraftingofaEuropeanprogramandoflatersupportofsuchaprogramsofarasitmaybepracticalforustodoso.Theprogramshouldbeajointone,agreedtobyanumber,ifnotall,Europeannations.

AnessentialpartofanysuccessfulactiononthepartoftheUnitedStatesisanunderstandingonthepartofthepeopleofAmericaofthecharacteroftheproblemandtheremediestobeapplied.Politicalpassionandprejudiceshouldhavenopart.Withforesight,andawillingnessonthepartofourpeopletofaceuptothevastresponsibilitywhichhistoryhasclearlyplaceduponourcountry,thedifficultiesIhaveoutlinedcanandwillbeovercome.

IamsorrythatoneachoccasionIhavesaidsomethingpubliclyinregardtoourinternationalsituation,Ihavebeenforcedbythenecessitiesofthecasetoenterintorathertechnicaldiscussions.But,tomymind,itisofvastimportancethatourpeoplereachsomegeneralunderstandingofwhatthecomplicationsreallyare,ratherthanreactfromapassionoraprejudiceoranemotionofthemoment.

AsIsaidmoreformallyamomentago,weareremotefromthesceneofthesetroubles.Itisvirtuallyimpossibleatthisdistancemerelybyreading,orlistening,orevenseeingphotographsandmotionpictures,tograspatalltherealsignificanceofthesituation.Andyetthewholeworldofthefuturehangsonaproperjudgment.Ithangs,Ithink,toalargeextentontherealizationoftheAmericanpeople,ofjustwhatarethevariousdominantfactors.Whatarethereactionsofthepeople?世界秘书网版权所有Whatarethejustificationsofthosereactions?Whatarethesufferings?Whatisneeded?Whatcanbestbedone?Whatmustbedone?

Thankyouverymuch.