高考英语阅读题型解析之词汇题

近几年高考英语阅读理解中几乎都有这样一种题型：要求考生理解某个单词，或短语在文中的意思，并从四个选项中选出能够正确诠释其含义的选项。这类题型我们统称为词汇题。下面本人将从题型特征和题型类别两方面对高考英语阅读理解的词汇题进行解析。

题型特征

词汇题有一个明显的特征：题干中明确原文中的一个单词，要求考生从所给四个选项中选出能诠释其意思的一项。通常情况下，要求解释的单词与短语在原文中会用下划线标出。题干中也常提示其所在段落。

题型类别

从考查形式上看，词汇题主要可以分为三类：对高考考试大纲中常见词汇生僻义的考查； 对超纲词汇词义的考查； 对代词所指代内容的考查。

下面笔者针对词汇题的这三类形式，分别分析其相应的解题思路和做题方法。

1.大纲词汇

考生根据题型特征判断出某道题为词汇题后，首先要判断题干中所考查的单词，短语是否为大纲词汇。如果是大纲词汇，那么该题目考查的通常不是其常用意思或字面意思，即熟词僻义获在特定场合的特定意思。一起来看下面这道真题。

Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success.According to the study,if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young ( lesss than six months for cats, a year for dogs), its highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly .Two thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.(2011年广东卷 B篇)

31.The underlined word swimmingly in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .

A.early B.sweetly

C.quicklyD.smoothly

解析：大纲词汇的意思对于考生来说是比较熟悉的，但是解题时决不能掉以轻心。考生首先要到原文中找到swimmingly这个词，然后再看上下文。考生很容易看到下文Two thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.这句话。从而可知两者应该相处和睦、顺当。故选项C为正确答案。

2.超纲词汇

高考阅读理解题中通常会有一定比例的超纲词汇。对于这些超纲词汇，命题人会给出中文注释，例如2011年高考英语阅读理解（新课标全国卷）

A篇中的murals (壁画) graffiti（涂鸦） community（社区）；B篇中的intelligence（智力）aware （意识）reflected image（反射出的影像）；C篇中的premieres（首映） preview screening（试映）；D篇中的culture（文化）climate（气候） punctuality9（准时）；E篇中的audience（观众）compete（比赛）teens（青少年）。

但是，对于没有加注释的超纲词汇，考生就得去猜测它的含义。考生不需要担心的是，不管所考超纲词汇有多生僻，它一般都不会影响考生对全文的理解，考生通常能根据构词法或上下文推测出这一词汇的含义。

Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband`s income.So this year she did something more than a hobby(业余爱好)；she planted vegetables in her yard.For her first garden,Ms.Feeley has put in 15 tomoto plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables.The family`s old farm house has become a chicken house, it`s residents arriving next month.Last year, Ms.Rita Gartin kept a small garden.This year she has made it much larger because, she said, “The cost of every thing is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds,too; so it`s a win-win situation all around.” (2011年全国新课标卷 C篇)

68.What does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably mean?

A.chickensB.tomatoes

C.gardensD.people

解析： 这道题考查的是residents指代的内容。考生应先回到原文找到该画线词，然后向上搜索。由本句前半句The family`s old farm house has become a chicken house,可知 a chicken house 等待入住的只能是chickens。由此可知这道题的正确答案为A选项.

3.代词

词汇题中常考查代词（如this、 it 、 that）在上下文中所指代的内容。确定代词所指代的内容的方法为：回到原文，找到离代词最近的名词，名词性词组或句子，将其替换至代词所在的位置，再看句子是否符合上下文逻辑，是否通顺；若不符合逻辑，则继续向上向下查看验证。直至找到正确答案。

By the end of the senventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services.The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising.This was so succcessful that by the end of the century several companies started businessses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.(2011年全国Ｉ卷 B篇)

61.What does the word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.advertising in newspapers

B.Including pictures in ads

C.Selling goods in markets

D.Working with ad agencies

解析：这道题考查this指代的内容。考生应回到原文找到该画线词，然后向上搜索应为this was so successful 可知this指代的应该是一件事。以该词为界去搜索表示一件事情的名词，短语或句子。通过验证可知 this所指代的是其上一个句子中的to set aside a place just for advertising即“在报纸上留出专门登广告的地方”由此可知这道题的正确答案为选项A。

（作者单位：河南省安阳市实验中学）