对交际法的认识、实践与反思

时间:2022-10-20 04:16:55

对交际法的认识、实践与反思

一、交际法的概念、理论基础及基本原则

交际法(Communicative Approach),又称交际语言教学(Communicative Language Teaching)是形成于20世纪70年代,以培养在特定的社会语境中运用语言进行交际的能力为最终目标的外语教学法体系。由于交际法以语言功能项目为纲,强调语言的交际功能,因此又被称为“功能法”(Functional Approach);同时交际法的功能项目又和意念紧密联系,并主张以意念项目为主线组织教学,因此也被称为“意念法”(Notional Approach)或者“功能―意念法”(Functional-Notional Approach)。

交际法的理论依据为:语言即交际。其语言理论起源于功能主义学派并与语用学密切相关。海姆斯(D.H. Hymes)的交际能力理论、韩礼德(M. A. K. Halliday)的语言功能与话语分析理论以及威多森(Widdowson)的语言交际观等都是交际法的重要理论基础;英国语言学家威尔金斯(D.A.Wilkins)提出了以交际为标准而设计的功能意念大纲的基本要点,对交际法的发展影响深远。

交际法以培养学生的交际能力为目的,视语言为表达意义的工具,重视对学习者情感和学习者需要的分析,强调几乎凡事都有交际意图, 倡导运用真实的语言材料、采用多种教学手段、开展接近真实情景的小组活动,通过学习者积极参与学习过程,实现教学过程交际化、技能运用综合化。主张合理使用篇章型、任务型和实物型教材,以话语为教学的基本单位,让学生处于情景之中,鼓励学生多接触和使用外语,对学生语言结构使用的错误采取包容的态度并鼓励运用交际策略。交际法的教学过程一般说来主要包括接触、模仿和表达三个步骤。

二、交际法教学案例

典型教学案例如下:

教学内容:外研版高一《英语》Book 1 Module 2 My New Teachers

教学目的:以阅读材料的内容为基础,结合学生个人的经历和感受,讨论学生心目中优秀教师的标准;重点训练学生的英语阅读和表达能力。

教学过程:

Step 1: Listening and comprehension

Listen to the tape of My New Teachers. Answer the questions in Activity 1 to see if the students understand the main idea.

Step 2: Reading and demonstration.

Read My New Teachers and answer the questions in Activity 4. Write the following functional patterns on the blackboard and exemplify each of them. Ask the students to use the functional patterns and report which teacher they would like to have and explain why.

My first impression of ... is that....

She explains ... so clearly that even I can....

I’d like to have ...,because ... .

Step 3: Practising functional paterns

Ask the students to practise functional patterns according to the dialogue outline with “information gap”. Enable the students to fill in the blanks and then exchange their roles.

Examples of dialogue outline:

Student A:

A: Who is your new English teacher?

B: __________.

A: What’s your first impression of ...? B: __________.

A: What do you think your favorite teacher should be like? B___.

A: Who is your favorite teacher and why? B:__________.

Student B:

A: ___________?B: Mrs. Chen.

A: __________?B: She’s very serious and doesn’t smile much.

A: _______?B: Kind and patient.

A: _______________?B: Mr. Wu. I think this is because....

Step 4: Free Production

Ask the students to make mini-dialogues of their own to talk about their own new teachers. For example:

A: Which teacher would you like to have and why?

B: I’d like to have Mrs. Chen because her teaching is well organized and clear.

Step 5: Creative Production

Enable the students to read the passage again and work together with their partners to learn the way the author describes a teacher. Then ask the students to describe their own favorite teachers’ names, appearances, personalities, subjects they teach and their ways of teaching in groups. Check the students’ work and help them if necessary.

Step 6: Retelling and writing

Ask the students to choose one of the three teachers and describe him or her by retelling the passage. Give the students a few minutes to prepare it. After they retell the passage, they will understand more deeply how the author describes a teacher and master the way of describing people.

Ask the students to read My New Teachers again and help them to solve the problems they meet. Write a letter to introduce your own new teacher.

三、教学案例分析及教法评价

本文的教学案例是笔者尝试运用交际法进行英语教学的节录。从教学材料来看,选取了中学英语教学中较常态的阅读教学内容;从教学方法来看,选用了交际语言教学法。

在本节课教学过程中,笔者按照交际法教学的基本步骤“接触、模仿和表达”以及听、说、读、写四项技能综合培养的要求,结合所教高一年级的英语教学实际,在导入阶段就安排了听录音回答问题活动,旨在为学生创设较为真实的英语语言环境,引导学生入境。然后,按照交际法倡导运用真实语言材料,鼓励学生积极参与,通过分组活动训练交际能力的理念,设计了阅读问答、含有信息沟的自主对话、模仿复述、自主表达、读写结合等多种活动,使课堂教学尽可能地接近真实语境,为学生提供更多运用英语的机会。

从教学效果来看,本节课运用交际法的主要优点:

1.注重学生的实际需要,突出培养学生的英语交际能力。学生能够通过接触、模仿更加积极地表达自己的观点和情感,如自己喜欢什么样的老师。

2.丰富了语言教学环境,学生能够不拘泥于课本,在较为真实的语境如含有信息沟的对话活动中自主决定自己的谈话内容。

3.增强了学生进行语言交际的自信心和责任感,为学生提供了更多运用英语的机会,有利于学生在真实环境中恰当地使用英语进行交际。

本节课运用交际法的主要不足:

1.由于运用交际法不主张“有错就改”,在英语对话或分组活动中出现的语言结构错误常常得不到及时纠正,使得一些学生的错误得到了强化。

2.由于班内人数和课堂时间的限制,教师经常不能照顾到某些个体,从而使部分英语基础较差或参与积极性不高的学生得不到及时帮助。

3.分组训练或双人对话的同时进行常常使课堂显得吵闹而混乱,若教师组织不力,就会影响到邻班的正常上课。

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