浅谈文学翻译中的灵活翻译

时间:2022-09-16 02:59:25

浅谈文学翻译中的灵活翻译

摘要:做文学翻译时,对原文一些内容要灵活处理,但这种灵活不是无的放矢的,要建立在理解原文的基础上,要时刻照顾读者的反映,本文试从《红楼梦》的两个英译本对此作以分析。

关键词:文学翻译 灵活翻译 理解原文 读者反映

【中图分类号】I046【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004-1079(2008)10-0209-02

翻译文学著作是为了向目的语读者传递原作的思想内涵和文化信息,使原著的艺术构思和艺术形象在新的语言环境中获得新的艺术生命,那么目的语读者的反映便是不可不考虑的因素,所以翻译实践中对一些内容适度地灵活处理就会比逐字对译让读者易于接受,但此译法的前提是掌握原文的意图,充分理解原文。我们不妨举出《红楼梦》两个英译本中的几例,就此做一简要分析:

例一:

蒋玉菡情赠茜香罗薛宝钗羞笼红麝串

(杨译) Jiang Yuhan gives a new friend a scarlet perfumed sash

Baochai bashfully shows her red bracelet scented with musk

(霍译) A crimson cummerbund became a pledge of friendship

And a chaplet of medicine-beads becomes a source of embarrassment

相比之下,杨译固然直接,一一对应译出了字面意思,但细细品味似乎并不如霍译的a pledge of friendship和a source of embarrassment概括性强,含义深刻,它开篇就点明题旨,有吸引读者继续读书的作用,而且读毕下面章节后仍会觉得言简意赅,含义隽永。

例二:

(原文) ……就便死了,也是屈死鬼,任凭高僧高道忏悔也不能超生,还得你申明了缘故,我才得托生呢!

(杨译)……If I die now I can only become a ‘ghost hounded to death,’ and not even the massed of the best bonzes and Taoists will be able to save my soul. I can only be born again if you’ll tell me what’s wrong

(霍译) ……If I were to die now, I should die with a grievance, and all the masses and exorcisms in the world wouldn’t lay my ghost. Only when you explained what your reason was for ignoring me should I cease from haunting you and be reborn into another life.

“高僧高道”应该是中国特有的,那么Taoist对于不懂汉语的英语读者来说就会感到一头雾水,远没有exorcism来得直接,类比效果更佳,这种灵活翻译是值得称道的。

例三:

……湘云走来,笑道:“爱哥哥,林姐姐,你们天天一处玩,我好容易来了,也不理我理儿。”黛玉笑道:“偏是咬舌子爱说话,连个 ‘二’哥哥也叫不上来,只是‘爱’哥哥‘爱’哥哥的。回来赶围棋儿,又该你闹幺‘爱’三了。……湘云笑道:这一辈子我自然比不上你。我只保佑着明儿得一个咬舌儿林姐夫,时时刻刻你可听‘爱’呀‘厄’的去!阿弥陀佛,那时才现在我眼里呢!

说的宝玉一笑,湘云忙回身跑了。

(杨译)

They were interrupted by Hsiang-yun’s arrival.

“why, Ai Brother and Sister Lin!” she cried cheerfully. “You can be together every day, but it’s rarely I have a chance to visit you; yet you pay no attention to poor little me.”

“The lisper loves to rattle away,” said Tai-yu with a laugh. “Fancy saying ai instead of erh(note) like that. I suppose, when we start dicing, you’ll be shouting one, love, three, four, five…”

….

Natually I’ll never come up to you in this lifetime. I just pray that you’ll marry a husband who talks like me , so that you hear nothing but ‘love’ the whole day long. Amida Buddha! May I live to see that day!”

That set everyone laughing, and Hsiang-yun turned and ran out.

(Translators’ Note: Erh means “two” or “second” and ai “love”)

(霍译)

Just then Xiang-yun burst in on them and reproved them smilingly for abandoning her:

‘ Couthin Bao, Couthin Lin: you can thee each other every day. It’s not often I get a chanthe to come here; yet now I have come, you both ignore me!’

Dai-yu burst out laughing:

‘Lisping doesn’t seem to make you any less talkative! Listen to you:”Couthin!” “Couthin!” Presently, when you’re playing Racing Go, you’ll be all “thickehteh” and “theventh”!’

……

‘I shall never be a match for you as long as I live,’ Xiang-yun said to Dai-yu with a disarming smile. ‘All I can thay ith that I hope you marry a lithping huthband, tho that you have “ithee-withee” “ithee-withee” in your earth every minute of the day. Ah! I think I can thee that blethed day already before may eyeth!

Bao-yu could not help laughing; but Xiang-yun had already truned and fled.

毋庸讳言,杨译和霍译都是很好的译文,在遣词用字和句型结构安排上都下了很大的功夫,但根据奈达的读者反映理论,这里霍译的元音变辅音的“咬舌子”效果似乎更好。这里的“咬舌子”其实就是元音的ai和er 分不清,但在英语中没有直接的对应。Lisping指的是辅音分不清,也就是咝音(sibilant)和齿音(dental)分不清,相当于汉语中发不好的平舌音和翘舌音。霍克斯把“二和爱”的元音混淆转换成咝音和齿音的变化,为译语读者创造了极大的方便之门,不能不说是一种创造性的灵活翻译手段。

奈达在他的《翻译理论与实践》 (The Theory and Practice of Translation)一书中提到,信息对等优于形式对等。他主张从译入语读者角度,而不是从译文形式角度来看待翻译,要实现动态对等(dynamic equivalence),要看译文能否为目的语读者所理解。动态对等就是指译语接受者对译语信息的反应和源语接受者对原文的反应基本相同 (Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language) 。为了达到这种基本相同的反应,就要对译文进行相应的调整。所以是否完成了翻译的任务达到了既定的效果,就要看译语接受者的反应,换句话说,译语读者的反应就是评判译文质量的标准。

固然,由于各种语言所处系统不同,奈达所说的动态对等不能百分之百的实现,但是可以在不破坏原文大意的情况下,采取一些必要灵活的手段,尽可能的向译语读者靠近。霍克斯先生的翻译就很灵活,不是字对字的翻译,他对原文的顺序、词句和涉及的人名、地名、药名和宗教等都做了调整甚至是增删,但并没有破坏原文的韵味,相反更有助于目的语读者理解原作,而这种灵活又并不是无的放矢、无据可循、胡编乱造的,这正说明译者对原作理解得十分透彻,对译出语和译入语处理起来都得心应手、游刃有余。换句话说,灵活翻译不是凭空臆想的,不是随心所欲的自由翻译,而是理解原文基础上的创造性翻译,是在熟练掌握原语和目的语的前提下,为了更好的服务目的语读者而采取的一种翻译手段和策略。

总之,在做翻译时,译者要像金先生所强调的那样,要有狮子搏兔亦用全力的精神,切实弄清原文的每一个细节的确切意味和来龙去脉,对每一个艺术形象都心领神会,然后努力寻求在译文中表现相同的精神、实质和韵味,尽量减少译语读者相对于原语读者的损失。

参考文献

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[3] 曹雪芹著,杨宪益,戴乃迭译. A Dream of Red Mansions[Z]. 北京:外文出版社,1973.

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