浅谈阅读理解中主旨大意题的解题技巧

时间:2022-09-06 08:15:37

浅谈阅读理解中主旨大意题的解题技巧

摘要:阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点,它自始至终占据举足轻重的地位,得阅读者得天下,也就是说,做好阅读理解题目是获得高考高分的关键。

关键词:阅读技巧解题策略逻辑推理主旨大意

主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高,因为这类题主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文,区分主要信息和次要信息,进而总结归纳文章或段落的大意。细分起来,主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。

一、设题方式

1.考查文章的中心思想

What is the main idea /topic/subject/point/theme of the passage?

The main idea/key point of this passage is that .

The passage is mainly about .

From the passage we can learn/conclude that.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

What does the message mainly deal with?

What does the passage mainly discuss?

The article is written to explain.

The topic of Paragraph … is.

Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

2.考查文章标题的选择

The best title/headline for this passage is.

Which of the following is the best title?

What would be the best title for the text?

The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is.

A good/suitable title for this passage would be.

3.考查作者的写作态度和意图

What is the authors main purpose in this passage?

The writers purpose in writing this story is.

In the passage the author wants to tell.

The writers attitude toward … is.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the authors main point?

推测作者的观点、态度、意图题是阅读理解中难度较大的题型,要求读者不仅要阅读文章的全部事实和细节,掌握全篇的中心主题,而且要推测作者写这篇文章的观点、态度、意图等。更为关键的是,我们不能判断作者的观点是正确的还是错误的,我们只能判断作者观点的倾向性,是赞成还是反对,是主观的还是客观的,是以事实为基础的还是缺乏事实基础的。其中要注意的是学生容易将自己的观点强加进去的误区。还要注意文中的一些关键词句。如果作者使用了如:fail to / overestimate / ignore / neglect / overlook等词,表明作者可能持否定态度。如果使用find / discover / show / prove / confirm / determine等词代表作者持肯定态度的可能性比较大,出现不一致时往往会看到however, but, while, on the contrary等词之后出现作者的态度。

这类题往往以四个备选项为形容词的形式来出题,比如给出:negative, positive, critical, indifferent, supportive, enthusiastic等。

二、干扰项特点

1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上,构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下,会造成错选答案。

5. 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了,但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

2013浅谈阅读理解中主旨大意题的解题技巧第3期三、解题指导

文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的,而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现,所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此,识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。由于文章内容和体裁的不同,作者的写作手法也不尽相同,主题句在段落中出现的位置也不固定。一般说来,采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句在段尾;采用演绎法的段落,先提出观点,后演绎例证,由一般到特殊,主题句出现在段首;若作者采用由“特殊――一般――特殊”的方式,主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时,作者没有写出明显的主题句,我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句,进而归纳出文章的主题。

1.分清主次,抓住主干,找出主题句

主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子,它的出现有四种情况:

1)主题句在开头。主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义、点明主题的作用。它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨,而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题,常伴有 for example / i.e. / that is / first / second / finally / once / another time / for one thing 等词。

试试看,你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗?

The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.

不难看出,文章的第一句是主题句,后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。

2)主题句在结尾。用归纳法写的文章,其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而结尾,所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳、画龙点睛的作用,多伴有so / therefore / thus / in short / as a result / that is why 等词。

3)主题句在中间。主题句出现在文章中间的情况通常是文章的开头部分提出问题,陈述细节,导出主题句,然后再进一步用细节支持说明主题句。在文章中间的主题句通常起着承上启下的作用。例如:

【考例分析】2007年广东卷第50题

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. How to Live Truthfully

B. Importance of Peacefulness

C. Ways of Gaining Selfrespect

D. Happiness through Honorable Actions

答案为D。

结合原文阅读材料可知本文通过举例来说明一个道理, 即文章的第二段中“how honorable actions create happiness”和第四段是文章的两个主题。

要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章,就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是:先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。例如:

Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.

This chance discovery ended a 12day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure 120page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.

Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington D.C.in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man and praised her excellent English.

The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.

Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.

Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “Ive felt sick since then” Luxmoore told reporters.According to Green no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.

Tom Brennan received a reward of 1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “Its wonderful news. Im on high.”

51. This article mainly tells about the story of “”.

A. A lost diaryB. Deborah

C. Cory LuxmooreD. The Library Company

分析:解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序:

1. Deborah Logan kept a 120page diary 190 years ago.

2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the Library Company.

3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.

4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.

5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag which contained a book (the diary).

从以上的时间顺序中,可以清楚地看到5个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关,它就是贯穿全文的主线,故此题应选A。

2. 理清层次关系,选出最佳标题

文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式,选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文,不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时,常常利用生活常识编造干扰项,把文中的细节当主旨,利用局部信息编造干扰项,编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度,考生要特别留意。对选择标题类题,若遇到拿不太准的情况时,可以自己思考一下:“如果是我写这个题目,我会怎样写?”标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式,它的特点是:短小精炼,多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,即不能太大,也不能太小,恰如帽子,太大能遮了眼睛,太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨论的中心,把握作者的观点和意图,那么如何选择文章的标题呢?

要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;然后要注意题目是否过大或过小,要避免下列三种错误:①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小);②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。

要恰当地选好标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说,标题的拟定方式是:以话题为核心,与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组。

3. 抓住关键词,判断作者意图

作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来。常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词(approving, positive, optimistic等),贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning等)和中性类此(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral等)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感彩的形容词和动词,如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等,以及作者对人物语言、行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度。文章中的but,however,rather,whereas, as a result, therefore,in brief,in short等词,它们通常是引出中心主旨的方向词。例如:

【考例分析】2007年江苏卷第63题

Which would be the best title for this passage?

A. Were Alone on the Internet

B. Were Communicating on the Internet

C. Were Alone Together on the Internet

D. Were in the Imaginary World of the Internet

答案为C。

原文中的术语“networked individualism”是两个意义矛盾的词语的组合,网络既可以让人有自己的空间,又可以让他们互相交流, 是因特网的两个特点,所以C选项中的alone 和together正好与此吻合。有些文章,如记叙文,主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要阅读全文,抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题。

上一篇:立足话题词块,输入新鲜语料,提高高三英语一轮... 下一篇:感受美 探究美 创造美