持续气道正压通气对OSAHS患者baPWV的影响

时间:2022-07-10 10:53:29

[摘要] 目的 探持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者肱踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(baPWV )水平的影响。 方法 选取因“打鼾或其他睡眠呼吸障碍症状”就诊的118例患者,同时选取30例无睡眠打鼾者作为正常对照组,行多导睡眠监测(PSG),据PSG检测结果将患者分为四组:(1)正常对照组;(2)单纯打鼾组;(3)轻度OSAHS组;(4)中重度OSAHS组,分别行ESS问卷调查、测定血清pentraxin-3、baPWV,并将中重度OSAHS患者随机分为CPAP治疗组和观察组,治疗6个月后对两组再次行ESS问卷调查、PSG监测、baPWV及pentraxin-3测定。 结果 中重度OSAHS组血清pentraxin-3浓度、baPWV明显高于轻度OSAHS组、单纯打鼾组和正常对照组(P均

[关键词] 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征;正五聚蛋白-3;持续气道正压通气;肱踝动脉脉搏波传导速度

[中图分类号] R563.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)12-0005-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on arterial pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS). Methods A total of 118 patients who were admitted in hospital due to "snoring or other symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing" were selected and 30 patients without sleep snoring were selected as normal control group in the same period. The patients underwent polysomnography(PSG). And they were divided into four groups including, (1)normal control group, (2)simple snoring group,(3)mild OSAHS group, (4)moderate to severe OSAHS group according to PSG test results, and were given ESS questionnaire survey, determination of serum pentraxin-3, baPWV, respectively.And moderate to severe OSAHS patients were randomly divided into CPAP treatment group and observation group. The ESS questionnaires, PSG monitoring, baPWV and pentraxin-3 detecting were performed between the two groups after 6 months of treatment. Results The levels of serum pentraxin-3 concentration and baPWV were significantly higher in moderate to severe OSAHS group than those in mild OSAHS group, simple snoring group and normal control group(P

[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Positive pentagystin-3; Persistent positive airway pressure; Brachial ankle artery pulse wave velocity

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是最为常见的一种睡眠呼吸疾病,临床上以睡眠时反复发作上气道塌陷阻塞为特征[1],其引起慢性间断性低氧血症和睡眠结构紊乱[2-4],OSAHS与动脉粥样硬化独立相关[5-6],引起多器官功能损害[7-9],影响患者的生活质量和寿命。正五聚蛋白-3(pentraxin-3) 是近年发现的新炎性标志物,与血管炎症标志物CRP同属于五聚体蛋白超家族成员[10-11],它是由血管内皮细胞、炎性细胞、成纤维细胞、脂肪细胞、平滑肌细胞分泌并释放入血[12],与CRP相比,它可能更好地反映了心血管系统的局部炎症,且血浓度比CRP变异性更小[13-15]。我们在前期的研究[16]发现pentraxin-3在OSAHS患者中升高,且与肱踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)呈正相关。本文对OSAHS 患者经持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗后的pentraxin-3及baPWV水平变化进行分析,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2011年3月~2015年10月因“打鼾或其他睡眠呼吸障碍症状”就诊并符合下列条件的118例患者作为研究对象:(1)年龄30~70岁;(2)颈围30~45 cm;(3)体重指数[(BMI)=体重/身高2(kg/m2)]20~30;(4)无明确高血压、心血管疾病史;(5)既往无糖尿病;(6)无烟酒嗜好;(7)无长期用药史。且3个月内无创伤、手术史,无急、慢性感染。同时选取符合上述条件无睡眠打鼾正常对照组30例行PSG监测。根据PSG检测结果将患者分为四组:(1)正常对照组30例;(2)单纯打鼾组32例;(3)轻度OSAHS组35例;(4)中重度OSAHS组51例。入选各组性别、BMI、年龄等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。所有患者均签署知情同意书,经过伦理委员会论证同意。

1.2 诊断标准

OSAHS诊断及分组依据OSAHS诊治指南[17],每晚7 h睡眠中,呼吸暂停和(或)低通气反复发作≥30次或AHI(呼吸暂停低通气指数)≥5次/h。单纯打鼾组:AHI

1.3 方法

所有患者均详细询问病史,进行爱普沃斯困倦量表(epworth sleepiness scale,ESS)调查,根据ESS评价患者主观嗜睡程度。ESS量表由8个问题组成,每个问题均按0~3评分法,0表示从不打瞌睡,3表示严重瞌睡,分数越高,嗜睡程度越严重。在睡眠中心应用美国伟康公司的Alice5作整夜多导睡眠图(polysomnography,PSG)监测。连续监测研究对象至少7 h睡眠,测定AHI、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)等指标。

所有受试者PSG监测次日清晨空腹采取上肢静脉血3 mL,应用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清pentraxin-3水平,严格按照试剂盒说明,由实验室专门技术人员进行严格操作。并由专门工作人员测定baPWV。以上所有检测均是盲测。

将中重度OSAHS患者按入组顺序随机分为观察组25例和治疗组26例。观察组给予减肥、控制饮食、适当运动、戒烟、戒酒等一般性治疗;治疗组在观察组治疗基础上行CPAP压力滴定法确定适当的压力,进行6个月的CPAP治,记录患者应用CPAP时间及耐受情况,6个月后对两组再次进行ESS问卷调查、PSG监测、baPWV及血清pentraxin-3水平测定。

1.4 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两样本均数之间比较采用t检验,多组间均数采用单因素方差分析或秩和检验,两组间比较用q检验,用Spearman相关分析pentraxin-3与各指标之间的相关性,P

2 结果

2.1 各组ESS、AHI及LSaO2比较

与正常对照组、单纯打鼾组比较,轻度、中重度OSAHS组ESS、AHI升高,LSaO2明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均

2.2 各组pentraxin-3浓度、baPWV比较

轻度、中重度OSAHS组血清pentraxin-3浓度、baPWV明显高于正常对照组,中重度组OSAHS组血清pentraxin-3浓度、baPWV明显高于单纯打鼾组,差异具有统计学意义(P均

2.3 pentraxin-3与AHI、baPWV等指标相关性分析

用Spearman相关分析显示OSAHS组pentraxin-3与ESS(r=0.29,P

2.4 CPAP治疗后pentraxin-3等指标变化

中重度OSAHS患者治疗组和观察组治疗前BMI、ESS、LSaO2、AHI、pentraxin-3、baPWV差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。治疗组经6个月CPAP治疗[CPAP每晚平均使用(4.9±1.3)h],4例患者因不能耐受CPAP治疗而脱落,期间两组均无心血管疾病、慢性炎症或药物的使用。治疗组治疗后ESS、AHI、pentraxin-3、baPWV均明显下降,LSaO2明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均

3 论

OSAHS被认为是心血管疾病如高血压[18-19]、缺血性心脏病[20]、中风[21]和心律失常[22]的一个独立危险因素,并与心血管疾病发病率和死亡率密切相关[23]。动脉硬化被认为是比经典危险因素如血压更好的另一个心血管风险因素预测因子[24]。baPWV是一个代表动脉硬化程度的参数,具有良好的灵敏度和重现性[25],是发生动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的强预测因子[26]。

本研究发现CPAP治疗降低中重度OSAHS患者的baPWV,但机制目前研究未涉及。很多因素可能参与这个过程,在睡眠中重复性低通气事件可引起交感神经活动,使动脉内皮功能受损,增加系统性炎症和血浆内皮素水平升高[27],以上因素都与血管张力和弹性调节有关。pentraxin-3是近年来发现的长链五聚体蛋白,由血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞局部释放,在炎症反应中,可作为炎症反应持续存在的标志物[28],而且与内皮功能障碍有关,和源于肝脏的CRP相比pentraxin-3可能是心血管损伤更特异、敏感的预测指标,pentraxin-3是血管损伤后一个重要的炎性标记物[29]。本研究OSAHS患者既往均没有心血管疾病,但pentraxin-3、baPWV均升高,中重度OSAHS患者升高更显著,而且pentraxin-3与baPWV呈正相关,与AHI、ESS呈正相关,与LSaO2呈负相关,提示OSAHS患者baPWV升高可能与患者反复缺氧,导致氧自由基的产生,进一步激活炎症级联反应,损害血管内皮细胞有关。

既往研究[30]发现经CPAP治疗后,OSAHS患者的炎性指标及动脉粥样硬化程度均下降。Ip MS等发现中重度OSAHS患者经过CPAP治疗,内皮功能障碍会有所逆转[31-32]。我们的研究虽然治疗时间短,但中重度OSAHS患者baPWV、血清pentraxin-3经CPAP治疗后明显下降,亦显著下降,而且baPWV的变化与pentraxin-3的变化呈正相关,与夜间CPAP治疗呈负相关。

综上所述,CPAP治疗可改善中重度OSAHS患者的缺氧,降低baPWV水平,虽然作用确切但机制尚不清楚,但这一发现进一步明确OSAHS和动脉硬化之间的关系,同时也重新强调OSAHS临床CPAP治疗的重要性。

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(收稿日期:2017-01-27)

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