甲状旁腺素与高血压发病的研究进展

时间:2022-05-17 11:39:20

甲状旁腺素与高血压发病的研究进展

【摘 要】国内外流行病学及临床研究显示甲状旁腺素增高可能和高血压发病相关,甲状旁腺素可能通过肾素血管紧张素、血钙、直接作用于血管壁、维生素D、甲状旁腺高血压因子等促进高血压的发生。开展甲状旁腺素与高血压发病的研究可能对高血压病防治提供新的途径。

【关键词】甲状旁腺素;高血压;肾素血管紧张素系统;维生素D

甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone PTH)是由甲状旁腺主细胞合成与分泌,具有84个氨基酸残基的直链多肽,正常人血浆PTH浓度为10-50ng/l,半衰期20-30分钟,主要作用是升高血钙和降低血磷,与降钙素、维生素D3共同调节钙磷的稳态,近些年研究发现,甲状旁腺素与高血压发病相关,本文对其作一综述。

1 甲状旁腺素与高血压发病的流行病学及临床研究

一些流行病学和临床试验证据已证实甲状旁腺素水平和高血压发病相关。Snijder等[1]对1205名老年人的研究显示,有较高的甲状旁腺素水平的老年人,体重指数、腰围及高血压患病率均较高。Chan等[2]研究发现甲状旁腺素和血压有关,在校正年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、体重指数、季节、盐、钙、镁、卒中及帕金森病史后,最高四分位数组比最低四分位数组收缩压高3.4mmHg(P=0.019),舒张压高2.8mmHg(P

2 甲状旁腺素参与高血压发病的可能机制

2.1 通过肾素血管紧张素系统

有研究显示甲状旁腺素与肾素血管紧张素系统有关,而RAS激活正是高血压发病的主要机制之一。与Grant等[7]对8名健康男性注射1,34-PTH后,发现血浆肾素水平平均从0.14ng/l升高到0.32ng/l,另一项注射1,34-PTH的试验发现血浆肾素水平升高了260%,血浆醛固酮升高了48%[8]。Koiwa等[9]对1076名终末期肾衰透析的病人给予口服血管转换酶抑制剂后,发现血清甲状旁腺素水平显著降低,这提示RAS与甲状旁腺素水平有关。近期尚有PTH刺激醛固酮分泌的报道。此外甲状旁腺素也可能通过维生素D调节RAS。

2.2 通过血钙

甲状旁腺素分泌增多,容易导致血钙升高,而血钙可能与高血压发病相关。Sabanayagam等[10]对美国第三次全国营养与健康调查的12405名20岁以上成人横断面研究发现,血清总钙水平与高血压患病率正相关,在调整C-反应蛋白、肾小球滤过率、血清白蛋白、25(OH)D、血磷等混杂因素后,高血压患病风险最高四分位数组是最低四分卫数组的1.49倍(95%CI 1.15-1.93),但血清离子钙与高血压发病无关。Saltevo 等[11]研究血清钙与代谢综合征的关系时发现,血清钙与高血压发病相关(男性P=0.005,女性P

2.3 直接作用于血管壁

Zemel等[13]研究发现甲状旁腺素可以增加肾脏1a-羟化酶的活性,使1,25(OH)2D生成增多,促进钙向血管平滑肌细胞内转移,血管紧张度增加,血压升高。甲状旁腺素还可以促进血管壁平滑肌细胞增殖[14],增加血管壁的厚度,从而导致血压升高,Rashid等[15]研究发现PTH能够刺激糖基化终产物受体mRNA和蛋白的表达,也能刺激白细胞介素-6 mRNA的表达,可能通过蛋白激酶A和蛋白激酶C途径,从而导致动脉粥样硬化的发生。Bosworth等[16]的研究也显示较高的甲状旁腺素浓度与血管内皮功能受损有关,促进动脉粥样硬化的发生,且不依赖于于血清钙和维生素D水平。

2.4 可能与维生素D有关

维生素D缺乏与不足在全世界非常普遍[17],在中国也是如此,一项在北京和上海中老年人群中开展的研究显示中国中老年人维生素D缺乏和不足的发生率分别为69.2%和24.4%[18],其它研究也证明维生素D缺乏在中国非常广泛[19]。当维生素D缺乏时,小肠钙吸收减少,骨钙入血减少,血钙降低,继发性甲状旁腺素分泌增多或继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。目前研究显示维生素D状态与高血压发病相关。Bhandari等[20]据血清25(OH)D水平把研究人群分为四组,分别为

2.5 可能与PHF有关

甲状旁腺素能够促进1,25(OH)2D的生成,而后者可以促进甲状旁腺高血压因子(parathyroid hypertensive factor,PHF)从甲状旁腺的分泌[27],据报道PHF与高血压发病相关[28]。PHF的主要作用机制可能是影响细胞内钙离子稳态调节,增加血管平滑肌细胞对其他缩血管物质的敏感性。

总之,甲状旁腺素可能与高血压发病相关,目前在国外已成为心血管研究领域的热点,在国内尚无这方面的研究。积极开展甲状旁腺素与高血压发病的大规模横断面及前瞻性研究,探寻高血压发病新的危险因素,为高血压防治提供新的途径,具有重要的理论及现实意义。

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