浅析虚拟语气

【摘要】1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果 If my brother were here， everything would be all right. 2.表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果 If you had taken my advice， you wouldn’t ha...

高中英语虚拟语气一直是学生难以把握的语法项目。？对于虚拟语气的学习，应该有条理地去识记使用虚拟语气的情境。下面针对常见的语境作简单的总结。

一、动词的语气

语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。

二、条件句中的虚拟语气

英语中条件从句有两类：真实条件句，非真实条件句（则是虚拟条件句）。虚拟条件句的构成有三种形式：

1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果

If my brother were here， everything would be all right.

2.表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果

If you had taken my advice， you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.

3.表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果

If it were to snow this evening， they would not go out.

4.混合虚拟条件句：即从句与主句的动作不是同时发生。例如：If you had listened to the doctor， you would be all right now.（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）

5.含虚拟条件句。有时虚拟条件不用if从句表示。而是用介词短语或上下文表示。例如： Without music ， the world would be a dull place.（介词短语暗示了条件）

6.省略if 后的倒装：即从句中谓语必须含有were或者had，should，等词。省去if后，句子要倒装。例如：Were I you （=If I were you）， I would not do it.

三、名词性从句中的虚拟语气

1.主语从句：在“It is+形容词/某些动词的过去分词+that从句”的结构中，从句用“should + do”表示命令、要求和建议。important necessary natural，urgent，等。如：It is necessary that we（should）make everything ready ahead of time.

注意：“should + do”也可以用在表示惊讶、怀疑或不满的主语从句中。例如： It is strange that he （should） have so many e-pals.

2.宾语从句

（1）在表示建议、命令和要求的动词后的宾语从句中，常采用“should + do”形式。这类动词包括：advise，insist，order，suggest，等。

The doctor suggested that he （should） try to lose his weight.

高频考点：当insist表示“坚持已见”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。同样，当suggest表示“表明”或“暗示”时，也不采用虚拟语气形式。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.

（2）wish后的宾语从句：用动词的过去式表示与现在事实相反；用“had+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反；用“should + do”结构表示与将来事实相反。如：I wish he had not seen us. （实际上他已经看见了我们）

疑难辨析： wish表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示可以实现的愿望，后接从句时用陈述语气。例如： I hope you’ll be better soon.

3.表语从句：表示命令、建议、劝告等含义的表语从句中，谓语动词须用“should + do”形式。这些名词包括： requirement，suggestion等。如：My suggestion is that we （should） go and help him without delay.

4.同位语从句：在表示计划、建议、命令的同位语从句中，常用“should + do”形式。例如： I make a proposal that we （should） hold a meeting next week.

四、其他从句中的虚拟语气

1.用于as if或as though 引导的从句中，虚拟语气和wish后宾语从句相同。

She spoke as if she were sick.

2. 在由in case，lest，for fear that引导的目的状语从句中

谓语动词用“should + do”型虚拟语气。例如： I will not make any noise，lest I should disturb you.

3.在“It is （high ， about ） time （that）…”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，如： It is high time that the students went（should go） to bed..

4.用于If only引导的感叹句中，和wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词相同。常译为“要是……就好了！”例如： If only I had taken my head teacher’s advice.

5.用于would rather句型中

在would rather，would prefer，would sooner等结构后，从句谓语动词过去时表示与现在事实或将来事实相反，用“had + done”结构表示与过去事实相反。

I would sooner you didn’t make any comments on the issue for the time being.

6.在有even if / even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中

主句和从句都用虚拟语气与非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。

Even if Lin Tao were here， I should say the same thing.

五、虚拟语气高考题分析

1.【2011北京卷】――Where are the children？ The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.

――I wish they always late.

A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been

【答案】A .

【解析】wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现always，从句虚拟使用一般过去时。选A。

2.【2011天津卷】I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.

A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come

【答案】D.

【解析】but I didn’t know表示了过去时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。

3.【2010 湖南卷】If he my advice， he wouldn't have lost his job.

A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow

〖答案〗C.

〖解析〗根据 “wouldn’t have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟， 故选C项。

4.〖10浙江〗Had I known about this computer program， a huge amount of time and energy .

A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D.was saved

〖答案〗A.

〖解析〗根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气。