动词不定式的主动态和被动态

时间:2022-09-20 12:40:53

摘 要:本文介绍了动词不定式动态与被动态的用法及其区别

关键词:动词不定式 主动态 被动态

动词不定式的主动态与被动态是中学语法教学的一个难点。一般说来,当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式动词动作的执行者,即:在逻辑上存在主谓关系时不定式用主动态;当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式动词动作的承受者,即在逻辑上存在动宾关系时,不定式用被动态;但也存在某些特例。现归纳如下:

一、 动词不定式的主动态

1.当动词不定式在句中作某一名词的修饰语时。

⑴被修饰词指人,与动词不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系时,动词不定式用主动态。例如:

He is always the first (person) to bear hardships.

此句中的the first (person) 与 to bear构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

We need someone to help with the typing.

此句中的someone 与to help也构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。

⑵被修饰词指物,与动词不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且逻辑主语已出现,则也用不定时的主动态,但表示被动意义。例如:

I'll buy you some magazine to read.

此句中的you 与to read 构成逻辑上的主谓关系;to read 与 magazine 构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

The teacher assigned us some homework to do .

此句中的us 与to do 构成逻辑上的主谓关系;to do 与some homework 构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

2.当动词不定式作表语形容词的状语,又与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,用不定式的主动态表示被动含义。例如:

The water is not fit to drink.

The question is rather difficult to answer.

这种结构常与一些形容词如easy, hard, difficult, exciting, frosty, impossible, good, heavy, lovely, fit 等连用。

注意:在“too...to...”和“...enough to...”的结构中:

⑴若句子主语指物,且动词不定式的动词与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,动词不定式用主动态或被动态均可。例如:

The big stone is too heavy to lift.

或:The big stone is too heavy to be lifted.

The problem is easy enough to work out.

或:The problem is easy enough to be worked out.

(2)若句子主语指人,且动词不定式中的动词与句子有逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式常用主动态。例如:

She was too young to understand all that.

She was not old enough to understand al that.

(3)若句子主语指人,是动词不定式的逻辑宾语,即是一种逻辑上的动宾关系,该动词不定式就用被动态。例如:

She was too young to be told about that.

She was not old enough to be told about that.

这两句的主语she 是 tell 的逻辑宾语,这两者存在动宾关系。

3.在“This(That) is ...+动词不定式”的结构中,用动词的主动态表被动含义。例如:

This is a hard question to answer.

That is a easy lesson to understand.

4.在“There be ...+动词不定式”的结构中,不定式作定语修饰主语时可用动词不定式的主动态或被动态,但多数情况下用主动态。例如:

There are many mistakes to correct./ There are many mistakes to be corrected.

There is no time to lose./ There is no time to be lost.

5.在某些表示不确定的“连接代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式通常用主动态。例如:

She can't decide which book to choose.

They don't know what to do next.

They are talking about who to elect.

6.动词不定式 to blame , to seek , to let 等的主动态表示被动意义。例如:

He is not (the man) to blame. 他不是受责备的人。

The cause is not far to seek. 原因不难找到。

The car is to let. 此车出租。

二、动词不定式的被动态

1.动词不定式作 ask , want , need , require , deserve , prefer, hate 等动词的宾语,与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,动词不定式用被动态。例如:

She hated to be flattered.

I want to be answered at once.

She asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

His fine qualities deserved to be praised.

2.动词不定式作宾语补足语,与句子的宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系,动词不定式用被动态。例如:

We all expect you to be given another chance.

3.当动词不定式带有 by 引导的短语时,使用被动态。例如:

It was the first job to be done by him.

The problem to be discussed by us today is of great importance.

4.动词不定式修饰的名词作该动词不定式的宾语(to have 除外),且不定式说明该名词的状态时用被动态。例如:

He looked at the bike to be repaired.

另外,需注意有时动词不定式的主动态和被动态表示不同的意思 (张道真,1981):

He give me a letter to type. 他给了我一封信让我打。

He give me a letter to be typed. 他给了我一封打好的信。

There is nothing to do now. 现在我们没事干。

There is nothing to be done now. 现在我们没有什么办法。

There is nothing to see. 没有什么东西值得看。

There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么东西。

参考文献:

张道真:《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆,1981。

王发怀:延安大学外语学院。

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