不及物动词运用小贴士

时间:2022-09-19 02:30:19

下面一篇小短文中包含了同学们平时习作中常见的一些错误,请你仔细阅读短文,看看你能否找出文中动词使用不当的地方。

When the moon was appeared, he was walking the road. Rising his head, he looked the full moon and sighed. His heart was beaten fast, but he didn’t know how to deal it. What he could do was keep going to the next station. Finally, when he arrived the station, his strength was given out. He seated on the bench and took a deep breath. Seeing the bus coming from the distance, he eventually was felt relieved.

你找到了几处错误?上面这篇短文的正确表达应该是这样的:

When the moon appeared, he was walking on the road. Raising his head, he looked at the full moon and sighed. His heart was beating fast, but he didn’t know how to deal with it. What he could do was keep going to the next station. Finally, when he arrived at the station, his strength gave out. He was seated on the bench and took a deep breath. Seeing the bus coming from the distance, he eventually felt relieved.

短文中appear, walk, rise, look, deal, arrive, feel都是不及物动词,所以后面不能直接加语,也不能用被动语态。

我们平时在使用不及物动词时有如下几个方面需要注意:

Tip 1:不及物动词本身有完整的意思,后面不需要跟语,也不能直接跟语,没有被动语态。

例如:Standards on pollution discharges differ according to the water’s function. 根据河流功能不同,排污的标准也各不相同。

Great changes have taken place in the city since the new mayor came. 新市长到来之后,这座城市发生了巨大的变化。

Our monitor was late this morning, but no one knew what had happened to her. 我们班长今天早晨迟到了,但是没人知道她到底出什么事了。

第一个句子中的differ为不及物动词,表示“不同,相异”,后面不能接语。第二个句子中take place是个不及物动词词组,不能用被动语态。第三个句子中happen是个不及物动词,后面不能直接跟语,用了介词to再接的语。

然而,上面短文中的动词seat是及物动词,表示“使(某人)坐下”,所以当“某人”作了主语时,应该用被动形式be seated。但是这个句子也可以改成:He sat on the bench. 因为sit是不及物动词。类似的既有及物又有不及物动词表达同一个意思的组合还有:see(看) vt. ―look vi.; hear(听) vt. ―listen vi.;reach(到达) vt. ―arrive vi.;raise(提高) vt. ―rise vi 等。学生们在使用时一定要注意这些动词的差异,不然极易出错。

Tip 2:有些不及物动词兼作及物动词。

有些不及物动词也可以用作及物动词,但意思可能会有所区别。

例如:The student turned a page. 这个学生翻了一页。

The student turned to Page 10. 这个学生翻到了第10页。

Grace used to walk in the garden after dinner. 以前,格蕾丝习惯晚饭后在花园里散步。

Grace used to walk her dog in the garden after dinner. 以前,格蕾丝习惯晚饭后在花园里遛狗。

上面短文中beat和give out的意思分别是“跳动”和“用完,耗尽”,是不及物动词和不及物动词短语,但是它们也可以用作及物动词,只是所表达的意义不同。

例如:His heart was beating fast. 他的心跳得很快。(beat是“跳动”的意思,是不及物动词)

Our team beat the other one and won the match at last. 我们队最后击败了另一个队,赢了这场比赛。(beat是“打败”的意思,是及物动词)

His strength gave out. 他筋疲力尽了。(give out是“耗尽”的意思,是不及物动词短语)

They stood there, giving out the leaflets to the passers-by. 他们站在那里,向过路人散发传单。(give out是“分发、散发”的意思,是及物动词短语)

试体会以下句子里动词的意思:

The student is asking loudly. 学生在大声询问。

The student is asking for the teacher now. 学生现在要找老师。

The student is asking a question now. 学生正在问问题。

另外,有一类动词在表示主语的性质特征时用作不及物动词,而在强调行为动作时用作及物动词,如:wash, sell, write等。

例如:Who washed my clothes this morning? 今天早晨谁洗了我的衣服?

This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布很容易洗。

Tip 3:不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作的完成,不表示被动。

在The USA is a developed country. 这个句子中,动词develop是不及物动词,这里过去分词developed表示“发达的”,只表示“已发展的”,不含被动意义。类似用法的动词还有:boiled water(开水); fallen leaves(落叶); risen sun (升起的太阳)等。

Tip 4:不及物动词后加介词构成短语后可以成为及物动词短语。

英语中有许多不及物动词加上介词以后变成及物动词短语了,如:arrive at, look at, listen to, run out of, agree to / with等。

例如:We ran out of oil on our way home, so we had to ask the passing cars for help. 我们在回家的路上用完了汽油,所以不得不向经过的汽车求助。

Tip 5:有些及物动词变成动词短语后反而不及物了。

要特别当心有些动词本来是及物动词,但是变成短语后反而变成不及物动词短词了,如break, give, turn, shut等。

例如:The fire broke out at midnight so only few people escaped. 大火发生在午夜,因此只有很少人逃了出来。

The audience waited for half an hour and he finally showed up. 观众等了半个小时,最后他终于露面了。

掌握及物和不及物动词的用法既容易也难。我们认为容易是因为同学们只要在学习一个新的动词时做个有心人,多了解一些它的用法,这样就能避免以后在使用过程中出错;说它难是因为一个动词可能既可用作及物动词又能用作不及物动词,且意思也可能随之变化,且及物动词与不及物动词经过搭配后还可以互相转换,如果只知其一,不知其二,就很容易用错。所以,学生们在学习动词时尤其要用心。

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