《大森林里的小木屋》――在大自然中涤荡灵魂

时间:2022-08-27 02:07:49

《大森林里的小木屋》――在大自然中涤荡灵魂

罗兰・英格斯・怀德(Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1867~1957),美国著名儿童文学作家,生于美国中部威斯康星州的拓荒者家庭。罗兰直到65岁才开始儿童文学创作,经过十余年完成了“小木屋”系列。这一系列小说共九部,《大森林里的小木屋》(Little House in the Big Woods)为第一部,其他八部依次为《农庄男孩》(Farmer Boy)、《草原上的小木屋》(Little House on the Prairie)、《梅溪边》(On the Banks of Plum Creek)、《银湖岸边》(By the Shores of Silver Lake)、《好长的冬天》(The Long Winter)、《草原小镇》(Little Town on the Prairie)、《快乐的金色年代》(These Happy Golden Years)以及《新婚四年》(The First Four Years)。该系列小说体现了拓荒者们乐观坚强的生活态度、他们与大自然的艰苦搏斗与和谐相处,以及他们一往无前的开拓精神与创造活力,深受读者喜爱,成为儿童文学史上的经典作品之一。

下文选自《大森林里的小木屋》第六章。

精彩片段

The sun sank out of sight, the woods grew dark, and Pa did not come. Ma started supper and set the table, but he did not come. It was time to do the chores, and still he had not come.

Ma said that Laura might come with her while she milked the cow. Laura could carry the lantern.

So Laura put on her coat and Ma buttoned it up. And Laura put her hands into her red mittens1) that hung by a red yarn2) string around her neck, while Ma lighted the candle in the lantern.

Laura was proud to be helping Ma with the milking, and she carried the lantern very carefully. Its sides were of tin, with places cut in them for the candle-light to shine through.

When Laura walked behind Ma on the path to the barn3), the little bits of candle-light from the lantern leaped all around her on the snow. The night was not yet quite dark. The woods were dark, but there was a gray light on the snowy path, and in the sky there were a few faint stars. The stars did not look as warm and bright as the little lights that came from the lantern.

Laura was surprised to see the dark shape of Sukey, the brown cow, standing at the barnyard gate. Ma was surprised, too.

It was too early in the spring for Sukey to be let out in the Big Woods to eat grass. She lived in the barn. But sometimes on warm days Pa left the door of her stall open so she could come into the barnyard. Now Ma and Laura saw her behind the bars, waiting for them.

Ma went up to the gate, and pushed against it to open it. But it did not open very far, because there was Sukey, standing against it. Ma said, "Sukey, get over!" She reached across the gate and slapped Sukey's shoulder.

Just then one of the dancing little bits of light from the lantern jumped between the bars of the gate, and Laura saw long, shaggy, black fur, and two little, glittering eyes.

Sukey had thin, short, brown fur. Sukey had large, gentle eyes.

Ma said, "Laura, walk back to the house."

So Laura turned around and began to walk toward the house. Ma came behind her. When they had gone part way, Ma snatched her up, lantern and all, and ran. Ma ran with her into the house, and slammed4) the door.

Then Laura said, "Ma, was it a bear?"

"Yes, Laura," Ma said. "It was a bear."

Laura began to cry. She hung on to Ma and sobbed, "Oh, will he eat Sukey?" "No," Ma said, hugging her. "Sukey is safe in the barn. Think, Laura―all those big, heavy logs in the barn walls. And the door is heavy and solid, made to keep bears out. No, the bear cannot get in and eat Sukey."

Laura felt better then. "But he could have hurt us, couldn't he?" she asked. "He didn't hurt us," Ma said. "You were a good girl, Laura, to do exactly as I told you, and to do it quickly, without asking why."

Ma was trembling, and she began to laugh a little. "To think," she said, "I've slapped a bear!"

Then she put supper on the table for Laura and Mary. Pa had not come yet. He didn't come. Laura and Mary were undressed, and they said their prayers and snuggled5) into the trundle bed6).

Ma sat by the lamp, mending one of Pa's shirts. The house seemed cold and still and strange, without pa.

Laura listened to the wind in the Big Woods. All around the house the wind went crying as though it were lost in the dark and the cold. The wind sounded frightened.

Ma finished mending the shirt. Laura saw her fold it slowly and carefully. She smoothed it with her hand. Then she did a thing she had never done before. She went to the door and pulled the leather latch-string7) through its hole in the door, so that nobody could get in from outside unless she lifted the latch. She came and took Carrie, all limp8) and sleeping, out of the big bed.

She saw that Laura and Mary were still awake, and she said to them: "Go to sleep, girls. Everything is all right. Pa will be here in the morning." Then she went back to her rocking chair and sat there rocking gently and holding Baby Carrie in her arms.

She was sitting up9) late, waiting for Pa, and Laura and Mary meant to stay awake, too, till he came. But at last they went to sleep.

太阳下山了,森林里渐渐暗了下来,爸爸还没回来。妈妈开始准备晚餐,摆好碗筷,可爸爸还是没回来。到了做家务活的时候,他仍然没回来。

妈妈说她要去给奶牛挤奶,罗兰可以跟她一道去,帮着提灯笼。

于是罗兰穿上外套,妈妈给她扣好扣子。妈妈点灯笼的时候,罗兰把手伸进了她的红色连指手套里,两只手套用一根红毛线连着,挂在罗兰的脖子上。

能帮妈妈给奶牛挤奶让罗兰感到很骄傲。她小心翼翼地举着灯笼。灯笼的笼身是用锡皮罐头盒做成的,上面开了一些豁口,好让烛光透出来。

罗兰跟在妈妈后面向牲口棚走去,灯笼里的微光在她四周的雪地上闪动。夜色还不是很黑。森林里黑漆漆一片,但白雪覆盖的小径上却笼罩着一层灰蒙蒙的光。天上闪烁着几点微弱的星光,并不似灯笼里的微光那般温暖而明亮。

罗兰惊奇地发现在关牲口的小院的栅栏门边有棕色奶牛苏姬那黑黢黢的身影。妈妈也感到十分惊讶。

早春时节,把苏姬放到大森林里吃草还嫌太早。苏姬住在牲口棚里,只在偶逢天暖的时候,爸爸才会把牲口棚的门打开,好让它能到小院里活动活动。可现在,罗兰和妈妈看见苏姬正站在栅栏门后等着她们。

妈妈走到栅栏门边推了推门,想要把门打开。但是由于苏姬挡在那儿,门不能完全打开。妈妈说:“苏姬,到一边去!”说着,她把手从门上伸进去,拍了拍苏姬的肩膀。

就在那个时候,灯笼里摇曳的一缕微光照进了栅栏门的缝隙里,让罗兰看到了杂乱的黑色长毛和两只发亮的小眼睛。

苏姬的毛是棕色的,细而短。苏姬的眼睛又大又温柔。

妈妈说:“罗兰,走回屋里去。”

于是罗兰转身便向小屋那边走,妈妈紧随其后。当她们走到一半时,妈妈一把抓起罗兰、灯笼还有所有的东西,拔腿就跑。妈妈抱着罗兰跑进屋子,砰的一声关上了门。

这时罗兰才问:“妈妈,刚才那是只熊吗?”

妈妈说:“是啊,罗兰,那是只熊。”

罗兰哭了起来。她紧紧抓着妈妈,啜泣着。“噢,它会吃掉苏姬吗?”“不会的,”妈妈抱着她说,“苏姬在牲口棚里很安全。你想想,罗兰,牲口棚的墙都是用那些又大又重的圆木做的,门也又重又结实,就是为了防止熊进去。不会的,那只熊不可能进去吃掉苏姬。”

罗兰这才感觉好些了。“但是它本可以伤害我们的,不是吗?”她问道。“它没有伤害我们,”妈妈说,“罗兰,你是个好姑娘,完全照我说的做了,而且没问原因就立马照做了。”

妈妈浑身上下都在颤抖,接着她笑了笑。“想想看,”她说,“我竟然拍了熊一巴掌!”

然后,妈妈把晚餐摆在桌子上,让罗兰和玛丽吃。然而爸爸晚饭前没回来,现在还是没回来。罗兰与玛丽脱了衣服,做完祷告,便舒舒服服地躺进了装有脚轮的小床里。

妈妈坐在灯前,缝补着爸爸的一件衬衣。没有爸爸的家里看起来甚是冷寂,还有点怪怪的。

罗兰听着从外面的大森林传来的猎猎风声。大风在小屋四周不停呼啸,好似它迷失在了黑暗和凄冷之中,听起来令人胆战心惊。

妈妈补好了那件衬衣,罗兰看着她缓缓地把衬衣仔细叠好,还用手把它抚平整。接着妈妈做了一件以前她从未做过的事。她走到门口,把拉闩绳穿过门上的孔拉紧。除非她打开门闩,否则谁都别想进来。然后她走过来将熟睡中的、浑身软绵绵的卡丽从大床上抱起。

她看见罗兰和玛丽都还醒着,就对她们说:“姑娘们,睡觉吧!一切都挺好。爸爸一早就会到家。”说完,她抱着小卡丽回到自己的摇椅上,轻轻地摇着。

她一直等着爸爸,直到深夜。罗兰和玛丽原本也想熬夜等爸爸回来再睡,但最后还是睡着了。

1. mitten [?m?tn] n. 连指手套

2. yarn [j?n] n. 纱线

3. barn [b?n] n. 牲口棚

4. slam [sl?m] vt. 使劲关,砰地关上(门或窗)

5. snuggle [?sn?l] vi. 舒舒服服地躺下

6. trundle bed: (不用时可推入大床下的)装有脚轮的矮床

7. latch-string: 拉闩绳(系在门闩上、穿过门上孔洞、悬在门外以便拉起门闩的绳子)

8. limp [l?mp] adj. 软的

9. sit up: 晚睡,熬夜

赏 析

《大森林里的小木屋》是罗兰・英格斯・怀德“小木屋”系列小说的开篇之作,也是一本具有自传性质的小说。故事讲述了幼年时期的罗兰与父母、姐妹、亲友在威斯康星州佩平镇附近的大森林里生活的情景。小说没有跌宕起伏的情节,也没有华丽抒情的辞藻,只是以细腻的笔触如实记录着西部拓荒生活中那些平淡而又感人的快乐和忧伤。整本小说的基调是快乐、平和而朴素的,读着这本小说,就像是在雪花飞舞的冬日坐在温暖的炉边听奶奶讲她过去的故事一样,我们会情不自禁地与讲述者一起描绘、怀念并向往那已逝去却在记忆中成为永恒的素年锦时。

故事发生在美国南北战争期间。1862年,美国总统亚伯拉罕・林肯签署了《宅地法案》,该法案规定每个美国公民只需交纳十美元登记费,便可在西部得到160英亩土地,连续耕种五年以上就可成为土地的合法所有者,这一法案从此开启了美国西部大开拓的时代。罗兰一家就是在这样的背景下开始了拓荒生活。他们怀着对美好未来的憧憬不断迁徙,凭借顽强的开拓精神在荒野中孤独而艰辛地劳作。他们是美国历史上千千万万个拓荒家庭的缩影。作者从她的出生地――威斯康星大森林写起,通过看似琐碎细微的描写,向我们展示了一幅美国西部拓荒者的历史画卷。

在《大森林里的小木屋》一书中,年幼的罗兰以天真无邪的目光观察着生活中的点点滴滴,把每一个细节都描绘得栩栩如生。春日新发的嫩芽、冬天皑皑的白雪、母亲做的可口点心、父亲悠扬的琴声……清苦生活中的点滴温馨无不在罗兰幼小的心灵中留下深深的印记,成为她日后无比甜蜜的童年记忆。幼年的罗兰活泼好动、天真可爱,而长期的拓荒生活让她变得勤劳坚毅、淳朴乐观。因此,通过作者工笔画般的细腻描写,读者很容易体会到罗兰一家对生活的热爱、对亲情的依恋、对自然的亲近,并为之深深感动。在节选的片段中,我们从字里行间不难读出罗兰一家生活条件的艰苦和自然环境的恶劣,却又同时深深地迷醉在一家人质朴的亲情与大自然的美丽中。这不过是整本小说的一个小片段,却已经给人以温柔的触动,并让人产生一看到底的冲动。

然而,真实的西部拓荒历程并非作品描绘得那般浪漫,其中的艰辛超乎想象。大森林里条件恶劣,危机四伏,拓荒者们不得不凭借顽强的毅力与大自然进行艰苦卓绝的斗争。但同时他们又与大自然和谐相处,因为他们心中始终保持着对自然的欣赏与敬畏。在作者笔下,自然成了诗意的栖居之家,日月星辰、风霜雨雪、花草树木、飞禽走兽无不多姿多彩,散发着迷人的魅力;而自然之物则被赋予了生命和尊严,处于与人类平等的地位上。就像罗兰的父亲描述自己打猎的经历那样:“小鹿走过去站到母鹿身边,和母鹿一起望着森林和月光。它们的大眼睛闪耀着的光芒是那么柔和。我只是坐在那儿望着它们,直到它们走进树林的阴影中。”自然是富有灵韵的,因此应与其保持平等交流和相互尊重,这便是本书无时无刻不在传递给我们的信息之一。

更加难能可贵的是,生活虽苦,但以罗兰一家为代表的拓荒者们却能苦中作乐,将艰辛的劳作视为通向幸福的路径,以真挚的情感温暖彼此。人们之间的关系和谐而单纯,感情美好而热烈,没有自私、猜疑和嫉妒。他们需求不多,欲望也很少,面对清苦的生活始终保持着知足常乐的心态。一块枫糖饼能够让孩子们乐上一整天,圣诞节的聚餐和舞会使每个人都笑逐颜开。彼时彼刻,生活残酷的一面消失了,忧愁与艰难也随之消失了,剩下的只有简单的快乐,因为他们的心中撒满了爱和阳光,没有灰尘,没有阴暗,没有抱怨,没有自怜;他们的灵魂经过大自然的涤荡变得更为真实、纯粹。

反观当前,高度物质化、效率化的现代生活使我们渐渐远离了大自然,冬不踏雪春不赏花,每天被封闭在枯燥乏味的“水泥丛林”里,不知丧失了多少自然之趣。我们的心灵也在不知不觉中变得麻木冷漠,人际关系也日益疏远淡漠。而《大森林里的小木屋》在向我们展开美国西部拓荒历史画卷的同时,也带来了一股清新自然之风,仿佛拨开了萦绕心灵的雾霾,让我们的灵魂在作者对素年锦时的回忆中逐渐走向澄明。

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