被动语态(上)

一、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(+by)”构成，本身没有词义，但有人称、数及时态的变化。by用来引出动作的实施者。

1、被动语态的句型

肯定句：主语+be+过去分词(+by…)。

否定句：主语+be+not+过去分词(+by…)。

一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词(+by…)?

特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词(+by…)?

2．被动语态的十种时态

1)一般现在时的被动语态

句型：主语+am／is／are+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

All the books are made by machines．

所有这些书都是用机器做成的。

The flowers are often watered by the old man.这位老人经常浇花。

2)一般过去时的被动语态

句型：主语+was/were+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

The trees were planted by the pupils yesterday．这些树是学生们昨天栽的。

The lab was built by the school in l996．

这个实验室是学校于1996年建成的。

3)一般将来时的被动语态

句型：主语+will be+过去分词(+by…)。例如：

A lecture will be given by Mr Li tomorrow．

明天李先生将会为我们做演讲。

I will be invited by Tom to the party next week. 下周我将被汤姆邀请参加聚会。

4)过去将来时的被动语态

句型：主语+would／should be+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

They told me that they would be invited to take part in the match．

他们告诉我，他们将被邀请参加这个比赛。

She said she would be asked to do the job by her boss. 她说老板请她做这个工作。

5)现在进行时的被动语态

句型：主语+am／is／are+being+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

A new plan is being made now．

一个新的计划正在制定当中。

A new building is being built by the workers atthe moment．目前一座新的大楼正在建设当中。

6)过去进行时的被动语态

句型：主语+was／were+being+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

He was then being asked by the police.

他那时正在被警察询问。

A wonderful football match was being watched by the middle school students yesterday afternoon．昨天下午中学生们正在观看一场精彩的足球赛。

7)现在完成时的被动语态

句型：have/has+been+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

The new factory has been built by a business man last year．这家新工厂是去年一个商人建的。

A road has been built by the government for the villagers here．

政府为这里的村民建了一条公路。

8)过去完成时的被动语态

句型：had+been+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

Before you came here the hospital had been built．这所医院在你来这里之前就已建成。

9)将来完成时的被动语态

句型：will have been+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

200，000 stamps will have been published by the government by the end of this year．

到今年年底为止政府将发行二十万张邮票。

More and more trees will have been planted in the future.将来将栽越来越多的树。

10)过去将来完成时的被动语态

句型：would have been+过去分词(+by…)，例如：

He said the dam would have been finished by the time I came back．

他说在我回来时这个大坝将会被建完。

The manager told us that these clothes would have been sold out by the end of next month．

经理告诉我们说这些衣服将在下个月底之前出售完。

3．被动语态的否定句及疑问句

1)被动语态的否定句

“be+not+过去分词”是被动语态的否定形式。例如：

The teapot is not made of metal.

这个茶壶不是金属制成的。

Rice was not got in before autumn in this place. 过去，在这个地方秋季之前不收割水稻。

The young trees are not being planted now．

现在没有在栽小树。

The machines were not being made by workers then．那时工人们没有在造机器。

A sports meeting will not be hold in our school.我们学校将不开运动会。

The program has not been made yet．

那个节目还没有被制作出来。

Supper had not been ready before I came home．在我回家之前晚饭还没有准备好。

2)被动语态的疑问句

将be提前构成被动语态的一般疑问形式；其特殊疑问形式为“特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词 (+by…)”，例如：

Is your coat made by your mother?

你的上衣是妈妈缝的吗?

Was this book written by Bill Gates?

这本书是比尔・盖茨写的吗?

What is the machine used for?

这机器是用来做什么的?

Who was hit by a car yesterday?

昨天谁被车撞了?

二、主动语态变为被动语态

l、主动语态变为被动语态的方法

将原句中的宾语变为被动语态的主语，动词改为过去分词，原来的主语由by引导，有时可以省略掉by。例如：

I read English every day.（主动语态）

主语 谓语宾语状语

English is read by me every day.（被动语态）

主语 谓语 宾语状语

The workers are making paper.（主动语态）

主语 谓语宾语

Paper is being made by workers.（被动语态）

主语 谓语宾语

She will invite me.（主动语态）

主语谓语宾语

I will be invited by her.（被动语态）

主语谓语宾语

She has finished writing the bool.（主动语态）

主语 谓语 宾语

The book has been finished writing by her.（被动语态）

谓语 宾语

The workers had finished the lab by the end

主语谓语宾语状语

of last year.（主动语态）

主语

The lab had been finished by the workers by

谓语 宾语状语

the end of last year.（被动语态）

主语

Did John write the letterhimself ?（主动语态）

主语 谓语宾语同位语

Was the letter written by John himself？（被动语态） 主语谓语宾语同位语

2．主动语态变为被动语态应注意的事项

(1)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子在变为被动语态时，一般把“指人”的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而“指物”的直接宾语则保留不动。例如：

Mr Lin gave me a present．I was given a present by Mr Lin．

My father passed Lin Tao a book．Lin Tao was passed a book by my father.

注意

如果将直接宾语(指物)变成被动语态的主语，则动词后要加介词，而且这个介词是由与之搭配的动词决定的。例如：

My friend bought me a radio．A radio was bought for me by my friend.

She showed her brother a new map．A new map was showed to her brother by her．

常见的能跟双宾语的动词有：give(给)，show(出示，给……看)，bring(给……带来)，lend(借给)，send(送给，寄)，pass(递给)，write(写给)，hand(传递)(这些动词与介词“to”搭配)。还有buy(买)，make(制作)，draw(画)等(这些动词与介词“for”搭配)。例如：

The teacher drew us a horse in five minutes．A horsewasdrawnforusbytheteacherinfive minutes．

I lent Li Mei a ruler yesterday．A ruler was lent to Li Mei by me yesterday.

(2)含有宾语补足语的句子，变为被动语态时，在宾语变为主语后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来位置一般不变。但如果宾语补足语是不带to 的动词不定式，句子变成被动语态后，则要将动词不定式符号to还原回来。例如：

People keep food fresh in the fridge. Food is kept fresh by people in the frideg.

(宾语补足语fresh位置不变)

Her mother found her a very good student．She was found a very good student by her mother．

I saw Tom enter the classroom．Tom was seen to enter the classroom by me．(不带to的不定式充当宾补，变被动后还原to)

She made the baby laugh．The baby was made to laugh by her．(不带to的不定式充当宾补变被动后还原to)

(3)除了单一的及物动词可以用于被动语态外，一些相当于及物动词的动词短语也可以 用于被动语态，使用时应注意将整个短语看作一个动词。例如：

We can't laugh at her．She can't be laughed at.

They often make fun of me．I am often made fun of by them．

We must take good care of our pupils．Our pupils must be taken good care of by us．

We turn off the TV set at ten o'clock in the night.The TV set is turned off by us at ten o'clock in the night．

三、被动语态的几种类型

1. 由及物动词形成的被动语态

这类被动语态的句子分以下三种类型。

1)主语+及物动词+宾语

He borrowed a book yesterday． A book was borrowed by him yesterday.

2)主语十及物动词+双宾语

He brings me an umbrella．I am brought an umbrella by him.

She told me an interesting story． An interesting story was told to me by her.

3)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

We keep our school clean．Our school is kept clean by us.

They made me stop shouting.I was made to stop shouting.

2．由“及物动词+介词/副词”形成的被动语态

He is looking after his baby.他正在照看孩子。His baby is being looked after. (由“主语+不及物动词+介词宾语”转化而来)

We should take good care of our eyes．我们应该好好保护眼睛。Our eyes should be taken good care of by us.（由“主语＋不及物动词＋介词宾语”转化而来）

Most students have given up playing computer games．

大部分学生已放弃了打电子游戏。

Playing computer games has been given up by most students.(由“主语+不及物动词+介词宾语’，转化而来)

Rich people shouldn't look down upon the poor ones． 富人不应该看不起穷人。

The poor people shouldn't be looked down upon by rich people.（由“主语＋不及物动词＋副词＋介词＋宾语”转化而来）

3．含有情态动词的被动语态

这类被动语态的句子在“情态动词后加be再加过去分词”构成；其否定式在情态动词后加not；其疑问句直接将情态动词提前。例如：

We can change a grammer．A grammer can be changed by us.

They should plant more trees．More trees should be planted by them.

Must l finish my work first?Must my work be finished first?

You may put your bag here．Your bag may be put here.

四、使用被动语态应注意的事项

1．适合使用被动语态的五种情况

(1)动作执行者不清楚，不易说明或不必指出。例如：

The PRC was founded on October 1，1949．

中华人民共和国是1949年10月1日成立的。

This kind of paper is made of grass.

这种纸是由草制成的。

(2)动作的执行者可泛指任何人。例如：

This kind of medicine should be kept in dry places．这类药应被储存在干燥的地方。

Most of dumplings are made in China．

大部分水饺是在中国制造的。

(3)突出强调动作的承受者。例如：

The book is really enjoyed by children．

孩子们确实喜欢这本书。

(4)如果说出动作的执行者似乎不大礼貌时。例如：

I was told that Bill Gates had been in China．

有人告诉我比尔・盖茨已来中国了。

It is said that she has been hurt badly.

据说她伤得很重。

(5)更易于连接从句或句子时。例如：

If you do it again, you'll be asked to stop again．如果你再做，你将被要求再次停止。

Stop shouting，or the baby will be woken up.

停止喊叫，否则那个婴儿会被吵醒。

2．主动语态不能变为被动语态的十二种情况

英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明 如下。

(1)当have，cost，fit，last，hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时。例如：

Our village has twenty tractors．

我们村有20台拖拉机。

The hall can hold 2000 people．

这个大厅能容纳2000人。

The war lasted four years．

这场战争持续了四年。

(2)当某些及物动词(如leave，enter，join等)的宾语表示处所、地点或组织时。例如：

The students entered the classroom one by one．学生们陆续地进了教室。

My brother joined the Party two years ago．

我哥哥两年前入了党。

My father left his hometown five years ago．

我父亲五年前离开了家乡。

(3)当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时。例如：

Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons.每块石头重达两吨半。

He ran ten miles without rest．

他一口气跑了十里路。

(4)当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时。例如：

We do our best to speak more English．

我们尽量多讲英语。

He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话。

(5)当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时。例如：

We Chinese always keep words.

我们中国人说话是算数的。

We had a rest for a while．我们休息了一会。

(6)当句子的宾语是反身代词时。例如：

He can dress himself．他能自己穿衣服。

Help yourself to the dishes．随便吃菜。

(7)当句子的宾语为相互代词时。例如：

We learned from and helped each other.

我们互相学习互相帮助。

For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年来三姐妹互相照顾。

(8)当句子的宾语是同源宾语时。例如：

The Browns live a happy life．

布朗一家过着幸福的生活。

He died a glorious death in the battle．

他在战斗中光荣牺牲。

(9)当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时。例如：

I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive．

看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。

He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence．

他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。

(10)某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句。例如：

The book belongs to me．这本书是我的。

The group consists of seven members．

这个小组由7名成员组成。

(11)当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。例如：

He likes studying English．他喜欢学习英语。

I looked forward to seeing him．

我盼着去看望他。

(12)当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时。例如：

I wish to go there myself．

我想亲自去那里一趟。

He promised to come and help us.

他答应来帮我们。

注意

少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree，feel，decide，think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后。例如：

He has decided to go and study abroad．It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.

他已决定出国留学。

They think it important to study a foreign language．It is thought important(for them)to study a foreign language．

他们认为学习外语很重要。

3．被动语态与系表结构的区别

“be+过去分词”这个结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不―样。被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承受者；系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。我们可以根据以下几点来区别这个结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。

1)根据句中有无by引导的短语

被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用by引导的短语来表示。因此，如果句中有by引导的短语，这个“be+过去分词”结构通常就是被动语态。试比较：

The window was closed now by my mother.(被动语态)那扇窗子现在被我妈妈关上了。

The window now was closed．(系表结构)

那扇窗子现在是关着的。

什么事情也不是绝对的，具体情况要具体分析。有少数含有by引导的短语的句子，并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。例如：

The hero was surrounded by the Young Pioneers. 英雄被少先队员们围住了。

The city is surrounded by hills and woods.

这座城市的周围是山和森林。

第一句是被动语态，by引导的短语表示动作的执行者；而第二句是系表结构，因为by引导的短语没有执行某一动作，全句表示一种状态。

2)根据句子的时态

被动语态有多种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。像下面几个句子，只能是被动语态，而不可能是系表结构。例如：

New products are being made.

正在制造新产品。

The book has already been translated into many languages． 这书已被译成多种语言。

The meeting will be put off.会议将延期。

3)根据句子状语

若“be+过去分词”结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态还是系表结构。

(1)“be+过去分词”结构是一般现在时，若句子中有always，usually，often等频度副词说明动作反复发生，则为被动语态。例如：

The shop is usually opened at eight．

商店通常八点钟开门。(被动语态)

The shop closed now.

商店现在关门了。(系表结构)

(2)当“be+过去分词”结构是一般过去时，如句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。例如：

The factory was built in 1980s．

这座工厂是二十世纪八十年代建的。

The meeting was held in a secret place．

会议在一个秘密的地方举行。

注意

有时候，系表结构也可带一描绘性的状语。例如：

The department stores are crowed with people，especially on sundays．

百货商场挤满了人，特别是在星期天。

遇到这种情况时，要根据上下文来判断。

4)根据谓语动词

不是所有的过去分词都可以作表语，来表示主语所处的状态，只有一部分可以这样用。常见的能这样用的过去分词有：buried，covered，shut， painted，lined，broken，married，killed，finished，surrounded等。例如：

Where is LuXun buried ? 鲁迅葬在哪儿?

Everything is settled now． 一切都解决了。

The house is shaded by bamboo groves．

房子处在翠竹荫中。