时间:2022-09-06 05:37:24
一、主动语态如何变被动语态
(一)含有双宾语的主动句变为被动语态时,多数将主动句中的间接宾语变为被动句的主语,直接宾语保留作宾语;也可将直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语保留作宾语,但这时宾语前需加介词to或for。例如:
He gave me a new watch.
(1)I was given a new watch.
(2)A new watch was given to me.
(二)含有复合宾语且宾语补足语是名词的主动句变为被动语态时,只能将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语,宾补不可变为主语。例如:
They call me Jim.
I am called Jim.(不可说:Jim is called me.)
(三)主语为疑问词的特殊疑问句变为被动语态时,用“By+疑问词(宾格)”置于句首。例如:
Who broke the glass?
By whom was the glass broken?
(四)祈使句变为被动语态时,要改为“Let +原宾语+be动词+过去分词”结构。例如:
Close the window.
Let the window be closed.
(五)带宾语从句的复合句变为被动语态时,多用it作形式主语置于句首,原宾语从句成为真正的主语(从句 ),从句中也需用被动语态。例如:
People said that Lin Feng could take good care of the baby.
It was said that the baby could be taken good care of by Lin Feng.
(六)含有谓语动词know的主动句变为被动语态时,不用by短语,需用to。例如:
We all know the scientist.
The scientist is known to us all.
(七)no one、nobody等否定代词作主语的句子变为被动语态时,谓语动词用否定式,不再用原主语,但可加上by anyone、by anybody等短语。例如:
No one can lift the heavy box.
The heavy box can not be lifted (by anyone).
二、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be动词+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。判断方法如下:
(一)从形式上来看,被动语态往往含有“by+行为实施人”结构,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如be joined to,be connected with,be separated from,be covered with, be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with,be concerned about等。例如:
We were surprised at the unexpected news.
听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)
注意:句中有“by+人”结构时,多属被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。例如:
The house was surrounded by the police.
这所房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
The house was surrounded by trees.
这所房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态)
(二)从时态上来看,被动语态中的be动词时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构中的be动词只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。例如:
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.
这扇窗户是凯特昨天打破的。(被动语态)
This glass is broken.
这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态)
(三)从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有well、very、 quite等副词修饰的是系表结构;若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。例如:
The play is well written.
这剧本写得很好。(系表结构。)
The play was written with great care.
这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式状语)
(四)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone、fallen、risen等不及物动词。如下面两句就是系表结构:
My pen is gone.
我的钢笔不见了。
The sun is risen.
太阳升起来了。
三、主动语态变为被动语态的易错点
(一)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。例如:
我生日那天汤姆送了我一件礼物。
主动:Tom gave me a present on my birthday.
被动:I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.