时间：2023-10-22 07:15:08
连接词where主要在定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句这三大从句中的使用。
一、where引导定语从句
where作为关系副词引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词为地点的名词或代词，同时，where代替先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
【例1】 （2015年北京卷）Opposite is St. Pauls Church， you can hear some lovely music.
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
解析：D。where引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词St. Pauls Church，where在定语从句中作地点状语。
【例2】 （2013年新课标全国卷II）When I arrived， Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying.
A. what B. when
C. where D. which
解析：C。where引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词the house，where在定语从句中作地点状语。
【例3】 （2013年浙江高考）The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
A. what B. where
C. when D. why
解析：B。where引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词a viewing platform，where在定语从句中作地点状语。意为“博物馆将在春天开放，届时将有一个展览和一个观景平台。参观者可以在那个观景台上观看正在建设的大温室”。
另外，where引导定语从句要注意以下几点：
1. 关系副词where在意义上常用“介词 + 关系代词（which）”代替， 即：where = in / at / on... + which。
【例4】 （2015年浙江卷）Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose
C. in which D. at which
解析：C。句意为：“创造一种让所有的员工都认为是这个团队的一部分的工作氛围是一个很大的挑战”。先行词为atmosphere。in a / an... atmosphere意为“在……氛围中”，为一固定搭配，故用in which（=where）引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。又如：
The university where （= at which） we are studying is very beautiful.
The house where （in which） we live is not large.
2. where引导定语从句修饰模糊化或抽象化的地点名词。
where引导定语从句，所修饰的先行词不仅仅是明显的表示地点的名词或代词，也可以是表示模糊化或抽象化的地点名词，同时，where在定语从句中作地点状语。这类名词有situation， position， point， case， condition， activity， work， job， state， business， atmosphere等。
【例5】 （2015年天津卷）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
A. where B. which
C. when D. who
解析：A。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere， 在定语从句中作地点状语。意为“公司老板正在竭力创造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，员工们可以享受工作”。
【例6】 （2014年福建卷）Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.
A. who B. when
C. which D. where
解析：D。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词activities， 在定语从句中作地点状语。意为“学生应该参加社区活动，在活动中他们能获得成长的经验”。
【例7】 （2014年江苏卷）The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication， especially at work a good impression is a must.
A. which B. when
C. as D. where
解析：D。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词work， 在定语从句中作地点状语。意为“这本书在日常交际中给予我很大的帮助，尤其是在第一印象至关重要的工作中”。
【例8】 （2015年湖南卷） It is a truly delightful place， looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
A. as B. where
C. that D. which
解析：D。本题尽管先行词是地点place，但是分析定语从句的句子成分可知，定语从句缺少主语，因而代表先行词的关系词在定语从句中作主语，而不是地点状语，因此排除where，而要用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。意为“这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里的蜿蜒的小路和美丽的村庄一定是和100年前的一模一样”。
【例9】 （2014年山东卷）A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A. which B. whose
C. who D. why
解析：B。本题尽管先行词是地点a company，但是分析定语从句的句子成分可知，定语从句中缺少定语，因而选择whose作定语修饰从句的主语profits。意为“一个国内市场的利润下降的公司可能寻求国外的机会”。
3. 要区分from where和from which
在定语从句中，where有时还可以作from的宾语，此时where指代的是主句中某个副词或介词短语；而from which中的which指代的主句中的名词或代词。例如：
His head soon appeared out of the window， from where he could see an elephant in the distance.
句意：他的头很快探出窗外，从那里他能看到远处有头大象。句中where指代的是out of the window.
He hides behind the door， from where he can see me without being noticed.
句意：他藏在门后面，从门后他可以看到我而我看不到他。句中where指代的是behind the door.
She stood near the window， from where she could see what happened.
句意：她站在窗子附近，从那里她可以看到所发生的事情。句中where指代的是near the window。
4. 一般地说，定语从句要紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，但是有时候为了某种需要，定语从句和先行词会分开，中间要加入其他成分，此时关键是要找准先行词。
【例10】 （2011年福建卷）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where
C. what D. who
解析：A。根据定语从句的意思，“允许学生自由互相交流的”不是students，应该是“氛围”atmosphere，所以atmosphere是先行词，指物，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，因此答案是A，而不是D。
二、where引导地点状语从句
where作为从属连词引导的是地点状语从句，在从句中作地点状语，意为“在……地方”、“到……地方”、“……的地方”。
【例11】 （2015年安徽卷） he once felt like giving up， he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
A. Where B. As
C. In case D. Now that
解析：A。根据句意，此处需要的是引导地点状语从句的连接副词where，意为“在他曾经想要放弃的地方，他现在有了坚持下去更进一步的决心”。
【例12】 （2014年重庆卷） Half an hour later， Lucy still couldnt get a taxi the bus had dropped her.
A. until B. when
C. although D. where
解析：D。本题为where引导的地点状语从句，意为“半小时之后，露丝还是未能在她下公交车的地方叫到一辆出租车”。
【例13】 （2012年山东卷） A number of high buildings have arisen there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
A. when B. where
C. before D. until
解析：B。本题为where引导的地点状语从句，意为“很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方拔地而起。又如：
Where there is a river， there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Young people should go where they are most needed. 年轻人应当去最需要他们的地方。
Put the book where it was. 把书放回原处。
Please stay where you are. 请待/留在原地不动。
This kind of plant grows best where it is warm and wet.这种植物在温暖潮湿的地方长得最好。
注意：如果where引导的地点状语从句表示的是条件、让步或抽象意义时，地点状语从句须要放在主句之前。如：
Where there is a will， there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
Where there is smoke， there is fire. 无风不起浪/事出有因。
另外还要搞清楚where引导的地点状语从句与定语从句之间的区别。如：
The famous scientist grew up he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
A. the place where B. in where
C. where D. in which
解析：C。本题很多同学很容易误选A或D。关键是没有区分好where引导的是定语从句还是地点状语从句。where引导定语从句时，前面必须有名词或代词作为先行词，相当于“介词 + 关系代词（which）”，而引导地点状语从句时没有先行词，是用where引导一个句子作状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。本题中的A项，因为名词the place不能在主句中作地点状语，若改为at the place where也可以作为正确答案。
三、where引导名词性从句
where作为连接副词引导的是名词性从句，在从句中作地点状语，意为“哪里”、“什么地方”。
1. where引导主语从句
【例14】 （2015年江苏卷） Li Bai， a great Chinese poet， was born is known to the public， but some wont accept it.
A. That B. Why
C. Where D. How
解析：C。分析句子结构可知，a great Chinese poet做Li Bai的同位语，is前面是主语从句。选项中只有where符合句意，where引导主语从句，在从句中做地点状语。意为“众所周知，李白，伟大的中国诗人出生在何处，但是有些人就是不愿意接受这一事实”。
2. where引导宾语从句
【例15】 （2015年湖南卷）You have to know youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
A. what B. that
C. where D. who
解析：C。动词know后面跟的是宾语从句，根据句意和句子成分，这个从句缺少地点状语，因此要用where引导宾语从句，在从句中作地点状语。意为“如果你已经计划好去那里的最佳方式，你必须知道你将要去哪里”。
【例16】 （2010年全国卷II）―Have you finished the book？
―No. Ive read up to the children discover the secret cave.
A. which B. what
C. that D. where
解析：D。此题考查where引导的宾语从句，作介词to的宾语，where在宾语从句中作地点状语。宾语从句中不缺少主语或宾语，故排除选项A、B、C。意为“――你读完那本书了吗？ ――没有，我已经读到孩子们发现秘密洞穴的那个地方了”。
3. where引导表语从句
【例17】 （2014年四川卷） Grandma pointed to the hospital and said， “Thats I was born.”
A. when B. how
C. why D. where
解析：D。此题考查where引导的表语从句，作系动词is的表语，where在表语从句中作地点状语。意为“奶奶指着那个医院说：‘那就是我出生的地方。’”
4. where引导同位语从句
【例18】 （2008年陕西卷）Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held？
A. what B. which
C. that D. where
状语从句考点分析考点一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的词语主要有: when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until/till, whenever, as soon as, once, directly, immediately, instantly, hardly / scarcely… when, no sooner…than, the (very) minute / instant / moment, the first / second… / last time, last/next/any/each/every time, by the time, all the time, the whole time等。【考例1】He smiled politely ______ Mary apologized for her drunken friends. (2012山东)A. as B. if C. unles D. though解析：A。句意：当Mary为自己的酒醉朋友而道歉时，他礼貌地微笑着。as在句中引导时间状语从句。【考例2】I had hardly got to the office ______my wife phoned me to go back home at once. (2012全国II)A. when B. than C. until D. after解析：Ahardly…when…句型。句意：我刚到办公室，我妻子就给我打电话让我马上回家。【考例3】As is reported, it is 100 years ______ Qinghua University was founded. (2011四川)A. when B. before C. after D. since解析：D。句意：据报道，自从清华大学成立已经有100年了。句式“It is/has been+一段时间+since…” 表示“自从……(到现在)有多长时间了”。 “It is / was / will (not) be +一段时间+before…”常意为“过……才……”或“不久……就……”。考点二、条件状语从句条件状语从句常由if, unless, suppose/supposing (that), provided/providing (that), on condition that, as/so long as, given that, in case(如果)以及if only等词语引导。【考例1】______ we have enough evidence, we can’t win the case. (2013重庆)A. Once B. As long as C. Unless D. Since解析：C。句意：除非我们有足够的证据，否则无法打赢官司。【考例2】One’s life has value ______ one brings value to the life of others. (2012江苏)A. so that B. no matter how C. as long as D. except that解析：C。as long as只要。句意：一个人只要给别人的生命带来价值，那么他的生命也就有价值了。考点三、地点状语从句地点状语从句是表示主句谓语动作发生的地点的状语从句，引导词有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。【考例】A number of high buildings have arisen ______ there was nothing a year ago but ruins. (2012山东)A. when B. where C. before D. until解析：B。句意：在一年前只有一片废墟的地方，许多高层建筑已经拔地而起。【提示】引导地点状语从句时， where≠介词+which;只有引导定语从句时, where =介词+which。考点四、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词主要有：because, since, as, now that等。【考例】—Coach, can I continue with the training?—Sorry, you can’t ______ you haven’t recovered from the knee injury. (2012重庆)A. until B. before C. as D. unless解析：C。as在句中意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句。考点五、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的词主要有：so that, in order that, in case(以防，以备)等。【考例1】Leave your key with your neighbor ______ you lock yourself out one day. (2012辽宁)A. as long as B. even thoughC. in case D. as if解析：C。 in case在句中意为 “以防，以备”，引导目的状语从句。【考例2】The police officers in our city work hard _____ the rest of us can live a safe life. (2011上海)A. in case B. as ifC. in order that D. only if解析： C。句意：我们城市的警察工作努力以确保我们其余的人能够过上平安的生活。考点六、结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词主要有： so that, so...that, such...that等。【考例】Pop music is such an important part of society _____ it has even influenced our language. (2007上海)A. as B. that C. which D. where解析： B。该句是such…that…结构， that分句表示结果。考点七、让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的词语主要有①although, though, while, as (虽然, 尽管);②even if = even though (即使);③no matter+疑问词=疑问词+ever (不管，无论);④whether… (or…) (不管，无论……还是……)等。【考例1】______ I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A. (2012湖南)A. While B. OnceC. If D. Until解析：A。句意：虽然我总是觉得我能通过考试，但我从没想到我能拿到A。While在句中意为“虽然”。【考例2】______ hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. (2012湖南)A. However B. WhateverC. Whichever D. Whenever解析：A。However在句中相当于No matter how，后面常跟形容词或副词。Whatever常修饰名词。 句意：不管你有多努力，如果不减少食量你就很难减肥成功。【提示】① although/though不与but连用，但可与still或yet连用。②疑问词+ever (不管，无论)与no matter+疑问词的转换仅限于状语从句中。③ even (副词)不引导让步状语从句;even so的意思是“即使如此”。考点八、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词主要有：as if/as though, as, like, the way等。【考例】Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him _____ he had done something very clever. (2011湖南)A. as if B. in case C. while D. though解析： A。句意： Jack什么也没说，但老师向他笑了笑，好像他做了件聪明的事情。考点九、比较状语从句比较状语从句主要由as及than引导。【考例】According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer ______ a woman. (2009江西)A. than B. such C. so D. as解析：D。句意：据统计，男性死于皮肤癌的几率是女性的两倍多。状语从句专练1. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.A. what B. how C. however D. whatever2. _____ the teacher had gone, the students started to make big noises.A. Immediately B. Quickly C. Suddenly D. Right3. The young student talks _____ he had been to Mars many times.A. even if B. as if C. after D. just as4. She runs on average about 15 miles a day every day, _____ the weather is like.A. what B. which C. whatever D. however5. It was _____ fine weather that day that all of us had a good time in the country.A. so B. such C. because D. just as6. 桟ould I use your dictionary?桰抦 sorry it isn抰 here. I抎 get it for you _____ I could remember who last borrowed it.A. except that B. now that s sta C. only if D. even though7. More and more people are glad to arrange for insurance _____ they or their family members need medical treatment.A. so that B. in order that C. in case D. no wonder that8. It was some time _____ the victims?life returned to normal.A. when B. until C. since D. before9. _____ you抳e paessed the driving test, you may as well treat us to chicken.A. Now that B. Even if C. Until D. Unless10. After the earthquake, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a cinema.A. that B. where C. which D. when11. The thief searched carefully in the room _____ he might discover something valuable.A. as soon as B. even though C. as long as D. in order that12. The angry boy shut the window with such force _____ the glass fell into pieces.A. which B. that C. as D. if13. Busy _____ my father was, he tried his best to help me with my homework, which moved me very much.A. as B. when C. since D. for14. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back and throat.A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where15. It was _____ the boss declared that the company would raise the workers’ pay _____ the reporters became excited.A. when; that B. as; which C. since; for which D. after; which16. There were some chairs left over _____ all the guests had sat down.A. when B. until C. that D. which17. I don’t believe we’ve met before, _____ I must say you do look familiar. (2012课标)A. therefore B. although C. since D. unless18. The meeting was expected to start at 8 o’clock but the professor didn’t turn up _____ twenty minutes later.A. before B. until C. after D. since19. _____ reason you may have, you should accomplish the task according to the plan.A. What B. Which C. However D. Whatever20. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen _____ the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.A. since B. as C. when D. than21. According to the rules, _____ book you borrow, you must return it in a week.A. whichever B. however C. wherever D. whenever22. _____ it can get some financial help, the company will close down.A. If B. Unless C. Since D. Once23. Although he was in poor health, Robert succeeded _____ other more famous engineers failed.A. which B. that C. what D. where24. _____ we keep playing well, we’ll keep winning games.A. So far as B. As long as C. By the time D. As soon as25. It is not fair: _____ I was working hard in my office last night, my husband was watching TV at home.A. whenever B. since C. for D. while参考答案及解析：1-5 CABCB6-10 CCDAB11-15 DBAAA16-20 ABBDD21-25 ABDBD状语从句专练1. C。句意：如果我们用坚强的意志去工作，无论多大的困难我们都能克服。however(相当于no matter how)在句中引导让步状语从句。2. A。immediately可用作连词相当于as soon as。3. B。as if意为“好像”，引导方式状语从句。4. C。引导让步状语从句时whatever相当于no matter what。5. B。weather是不可数名词，其前面的形容词又是fine，因此这里只能用such。so/such…that…引导结果状语从句，如果被修饰的是复数可数名词或者不可数名词，一般用such…that;如果被修饰的是复数可数名词或者不可数名词，且该名词前有many, much, little(少), few修饰时，常用so…that…。如：They asked so many questions that they confused me.6. C。only if “只有……才能”，它同if一样引导条件状语从句。7. C。句意：越来越多的人买医疗保险以防止他们或家人不时之需。这里的in case在句中作连词，意为“以防”。8. D。it was some time before…“过了一段时间……才…… ”。句意：过了一段时间，灾民的生活才恢复了正常。9. A。句意：既然你通过了驾照考试，就应该邀请我们去吃鸡肉。now that引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”。10. B。考查地点状语从句。句意：地震过后，在原来是一个电影院的地方建造了一所新的学校。where引导地点状语从句，表示建校的具体地点。11. D。句意：小偷仔细搜查房间的目的是为了发现值钱的东西。in order that引导目的状语从句。12. B。关窗子用力很大， 结果玻璃被摔得粉碎。本句含有such…that结构，引导结果状语从句。13. A。由as引导的让步状语从句位于句首，从句一般采用部分倒装。结构为：表语(形容词或单个名词)/ 状语 / 谓语中的行为动词(动词原形)+as / though+主语+…。14. A。某些词组如the minute/moment/the first time/every time可引导时间状语从句，具有连词功能。15. A。本题为强调句型，对句中的状语从句(when引导)进行强调。16. A。when在句中引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”。17. B。句意：我认为我们没见过面，尽管我必须承认你很眼熟。although在句中引导让步状语从句。18. B。句意：会议本来八点开始，但是直到20分钟后这位教授才出现。 not…until…意为“直到……才…… ” 。19. D。whatever 在句中引导让步状语从句。相当于no matter what， 即No matter what reason you may have… (what在句中修饰reason)。20. D。句意：我刚回到厨房, 门铃就响了起来, 响声足以把死人唤醒。no sooner...than...一……就……。21. A。句意：根据规定，不管你借哪本书，都必须在一周内归还。whichever在此相当于no matter which，引导让步状语从句。22. B。句意：除非得到一些财政上的支持，否则这家公司将会倒闭。unless引导条件状语从句。23. D。句意：尽管身体不好，但Robert在其他更有名的工程师失败的领域里获得了成功。where在句中引导地点状语从句。24. B。句中as long as意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。25. D。按照句意可知，I和my husband前后对比。while在此处意为“然而”，表示对比。
不同种类的状语从句，连接词也各不相同（见下表）。
虽然状语从句的连接词数量众多，但在一般情况下，只要辨清从句与主句的逻辑关系，确定是哪类状语从句，再根据句意选用恰当的连接词即可。比如：
―How soon will you graduate from senior middle school？
―It will be less than one year ______ I graduate.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
回答者说：“还有不到一年时间我就将毕业。”这是一个时间状语从句，表示距离毕业时间已不到一年，选C符合句意。如果选A，从句意为“在我毕业时”，那么主句应该是时间点而不是时间段。如果选D，则从句应使用过去时，主句应使用完成时。
对于同一类连接词之间的区别，同学们可在平时细心辨析、积累，这里就不涉及了。今天，我们只看状语从句使用中的四大难点。
省 略
【例1】 Generally speaking， according to directions， the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
句意为“总的来说，按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用”。有的同学会选A或C，但正确答案是B。
这是一个省略了的状语从句，完整的形式为when the drug is taken according to directions，谓语动词是被动语态。从句和主句的主语相同，都是the drug，在这种情况下，为了表达简洁，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，留下过去分词表示被动即可，所以选B。
【语法点拨】
为了使语言生动、自然、简洁，以下五种状语从句有时可以省略部分成分：
由if， unless等引导的条件状语从句；
由although， though， even if/though等引导的让步状语从句；
由when， while， as， before， after， till， until等引导的时间状语从句；
由as， as if等引导的方式状语从句；
由than， as...as， not so/as...as， the same as等引导的比较状语从句。
（1） 前四种从句省略成分的具体情况是：当从句与主句的主语一致，或从句的主语为it且谓语包含了be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，保留be动词之后的部分。留下的部分常常为现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语、形容词、副词或名词性短语。比如：
If （it is） possible， he will help you out of the difficulty.
Although （he was） a farmer， now he is a famous director.
He won’t go there with us unless （he is） invited.
He stood up as if （he were） to say something.
As （she was） walking along the river bank， she was singing a pop song.
（2） 在由than， as...as， not so/as...as， the same as等引导的比较状语从句中，可以省略的是和主句相同的部分，只保留需要比较的部分。比如：
He has lived here longer than I （has lived）.
It was not so hot yesterday as （it is） today.
倒 装
【例2】 my daughter， I wouldn’t allow her to go to travel in the forest alone.
A. She were B. If she is C. Were she D. Should be
句意为“假如她是我女儿，我不会让她独自去森林旅行”。由主句谓语动词wouldn’t allow可以看出，句子采用了虚拟语气，如果用if引导从句，应该填If she were，因此可排除A和B。如果选D，句子根本不成立。C正确，因为if在引导条件状语从句时可以省略，但此时从句要倒装。
【语法点拨】
与状语从句有关的倒装主要有以下几种情况：
（1） only修饰的状语从句放在句首时，主句要倒装。比如：Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
（2） if引导的条件状语从句为虚拟语气，且谓语动词中含有had， should， were时，可省略if，但要把had， should， were放在句首，构成倒装句。比如：Had you worked harder at college， you would have got a better job.
（3） so... that 引导的结果状语从句中，对so... 这一部分进行强调而置于句首时，要把主句谓语动词中的情态动词或助动词放到主语前，形成倒装。如果谓语动词中没有情态动词或助动词，则要根据语境补充一个助动词。比如：So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
（4） as， though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于从句句首，形成倒装。比如：Small as the atom is， we can smash it.
it句型连接词
【例3】 Because of the heavy traffic， it was already time for lunch break she got to her office.
A. since B. that C. when D. until
句意为“由于交通拥堵，当她到办公室时，已是午饭时间”，答案选C。有的同学看到句子中的it was，会以为这是“It is/was... that...”的强调句型，而贸然选B。其实这个题目考查的是时间状语从句，从句用来修饰it was already time for lunch break，并不是强调句型。
【语法点拨】
在it开头的句型中，同学们很容易选错连接词。
首先，要明白It is/was... that... 的句型是强调句，句中的it没有任何意义，that不能用其他诸如when， where来代替，不要把它当作状语从句来挑选连接词。
其次，在状语从句中，要注意区别下列it句型的不同含义及相应的连接词：
（1） It will be + 一段时间 + before...： 连接词before引导时间状语从句，整句意为“过（一段时间）就会/才会……”。
（2） It was + 时间点 + when ...： 连接词when引导时间状语从句，整句意为“当……时，时间是在……”。
（3） It is... since...： 连接词since引导时间状语从句，整句意为“自从……以来，已过了……”。
连接词特殊用法
【例4】____________ the two young men are only days apart in age， they seem to belong to wholly different generations.
A. While B. If C. As D. Since
句意为“虽然两个年轻人年龄只差几天，却像两代人”。正确答案是A，因为while除了“当……的时候”以外，还有“虽然”之意，相当于although。C和D意为“由于、因为”，不符合句意，可以排除。B意为“如果”，也不符合句意。
【例5】 You can’t complain of being left out ____________ you don’t make any effort to share your happiness and sorrow with others.
A. unless B. when C. once D. though
句意为“既然你不与别人同甘共苦，那么你就不能抱怨遭人冷落”。这是一个原因状语从句，答案应选B。因为when除了“在……时”的意思以外，还有“既然”的意思，相当于since，符合句意。
【语法点拨】
有些连接词除了常用的意义以外，还有特殊的意义，极易被忽略而导致误用。对这些词，同学们要记住：
（1） while：引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”；引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”。
（2） when： 引导时间状语从句，意为“在……时”“这时”；引导条件状语从句，意为“假如”；引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”。
（3） as： 引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”；引导原因状语从句，意为“因为、由于”；引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……但是……”；引导方式状语从句，意为“按照、依照、像”；引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。
一、判断引导时间状语从句的连词
考点介绍：可以引导时间状语从句的连词有：before, after, as, when, while, till, until等从属连词；by the time, as soon as等短语型连词；no sooner…than…, not…until…, hardly…when…等搭配型连词；each time, every time, next time, the moment/instant/minute等名词型连词；immediately等副词型连词。
典型考例：
1.---Where’s that report?
---I brought it to you ________ you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday.（07北京）
A.if B.whenC.becauseD.before
析：B。该空表示“当……的时候”，因此应填when引导时间状语从句。
2.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____we’ve actually had that lesson. （07天津）
A.untilB.afterC.sinceD.when
析：A。由语境逻辑可知，人的一生难以吸取教训的状态一直延续到真正有了教训，因此该空应填until引导时间状语从句。
3.He was told that it would be at least three more monthshe could recover and return to work. （07江西）
A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.that
析：B。由语境逻辑可以推出在他恢复健康重新工作之前要过至少三个月，因此该空应填before引导时间状语从句。
4.The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _______ we meet them again. （07安徽）
A.afterB.beforeC.since D.when
析：B。该空表示在我们再见面之前要过很长时间，因此应填before引导时间状语从句。
友情提醒：使用when引导时间状语从句时谓语动词可以是持续性的也可以是短暂性的，而使用while引导时间状语从句时谓语动词必须是持续性的；until, till引导时间状语从句时谓语动词必须为持续性动词，而使用not…until…搭配引导时间状语从句时谓语动词必须是短暂性的，该结构也可改为not until结构，并置于句首引导不完全倒装句型；使用by the time, every time, each time, next time, immediately等连词引导时间状语从句时不能受汉语习惯影响在其后再加when等连词，使用the moment/instant/minute引导时间状语从句时不能受汉语习惯影响在前面加in, on, at等介词，在后面加when等连词；时间状语应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
二、判断引导地点状语从句的连词
考点介绍：可以引导地点状语从句的连词有连接副词where或wherever。
典型考例：The village has developed a lot we________learned farming two years ago. （07福建）
A.when B.whichC.thatD.where
析：D。由语境逻辑可以推出这个村子在我们两年前学习农业技术的地方发展得很快，因此该空应填where引导地点状语从句。
三、判断引导让步状语从句的连词
考点介绍：让步状语从句常由though, although,as, even if, even though, while, whatever, however、whoever等从属连词引导。whatever应接名词，但也可以单独使用；however应接原级形容词、副词，
典型考例：
1．_________ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. （07山东）
A.AsB.SinceC.IfD.While
析：D。该空表示“尽管”，因此应填While引导让步状语从句。
2.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _______ they knew it to be valuable. （07浙江）
A.as if B.now that C.even though D.so that
析：C。该空表示“即使”，因此应填even though引导让步状语从句。
友情提醒：though,although,as等连词引导让步状语从句时不可以再和but连用；as引导让步状语从句时常将表语、动词、副词提前，构成特殊倒装句型，当表语为名词时应去除不定冠词再行前移。
典型考例：_______,his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. （07重庆）
A.Strange as might it sound
B.As it might sound strange
C.As strange it might sound
D.Strange as it might sound
析：D。句中as引导让步状语从句，应将表语提前。
四、判断引导条件状语从句的连词
考点介绍：条件状语从句通常由if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that等从属连词引导。
典型考例：
1.I won’t call you, ________ something unexpected happens. （07全国卷I）
A.becauseB.whetherC.unlessD.while
析：C。由空档前后的语境逻辑可以推出该空表示“除非”，因此应填unless引导条件状语从句。
2.You will be successful in the interviewyou have confidence. （07福建）
A.beforeB.onceC.untilD.though
析：B。自信是成功采访的条件，因此该空应填once引导条件状语从句。
3.Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but ________they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest. （07湖南）
A.whyB.howC.unlessD.where
析：C。由they have eggs or young chicks与they don’t use a nest之间的逻辑关系可以推出该空表示“除非”，因此应填unless引导条件状语从句。
4.Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water ______ they are not managed carefully. （07上海）
A.thoughB.beforeC.untilD.if
析：D。由语境逻辑可知，没有被小心驾驶是帆船在水中容易倾覆的条件，因此该空应填if引导条件状语从句。
友情提醒：条件状语从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
典型考例：The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people_______to eat more fruit and vegetables. (NMET2004上海)
A.persuade B.will persuade
C.be persuaded D.are persuaded
析：D。will be reduced表明该空为一般将来时，因用于条件状语从句，因此应由一般现在时代替。
五、判断引导原因状语从句的连词
考点介绍：原因状语从句常由从属连词because, as, since, now that等引导。
典型考例：Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses_________eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.（NMET2004上海）
A.because B.through C.unless D.if
析：A。分析语境逻辑可知，该空表示“因为”，因此应填because引导原因状语从句。
友情提醒：引导原因状语从句的连词不可以再和并列连词so连用。
六、判断引导目的状语从句的连词
考点介绍：目的状语从句通常由从属连词that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that等引导。
典型考例：
1.Leave your key with a neighbor _______ you lock yourself out one day.（07北京）
A.ever since B.even if C.soon after D.in case
析：D。把钥匙留给邻居的目的是防止有一天把自己关在门外，因此该空应填in case引导目的状语从句。
2.My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house_____there is a power out. （07重庆）
A.ifB.unlessC.in caseD.so that
析：C。他们在屋内时刻备有蜡烛是停电的时候用的，因此该空应填in case引导目的状语从句。
七、判断引导结果状语从句的连词
考点介绍：结果状语从句常由so that, so…that…, such…that…等短语性连词引导。使用so that引导结果状语从句时从句中通常不出现can,could等情态动词；使用so…that…结构引导结果状语从句时so后面应接原级形容词、副词；使用such…that…结构引导结果状语从句时，such后面常接名词；so…that…结构置于句首引导结果状语从句时常使用不完全倒装句型。
典型考例：that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.（07陕西）
A.So successful her business was
B.So successful was her business
C.So her business was successful
D.So was her successful business
析：B。句中so…that…结构置于句首引导结果状语从句，因此应使用不完全倒装句型。
巩固性练习：
一、单项选择
1.I really don’t know how long it will be _________ his parents come back from abroad.
A.when B.untilC.before D.if
2.That day I didn’t recognize who the beautiful girl was __________ I got off the bus.
A.untilB.unlessC.beforeD.because
3.You should make a mark __________ you have a question to ask your teacher.
A.whichB.where C.thatD.unless
4.__________the Internet can offer us much useful information, it does bring the children much harm.
A.Because B.Since C.While D.When
5.I think __________ our teacher were here, he would not be able to work out this problem.
A.in case B.as ifC.so thatD.even if
6.__________subject you learn, I think that you should try your best to learn it well.
A.HoweverB.WhateverC.What D.Which
7.It is already very late, so __________ you may be, I’ll not let you in.
A.whoever B.whichever C.whomever D.whatever
8.__________difficult this problem may be, I’ll do what I can to work it out.
A.Whatever B.However C.Whichever D.What
9._________,Tom knows as many as five foreign languages and can speak them very well.
A.As he is a child B.As he is child
C.A child as he is D.Child as he is
10.You can’t pass the difficult but important exam _________ you make good use of your time to go over your notes.
A.once B.until C.unlessD.if
11._________you keep on working hard like this, I’m sure that you will succeed one day.
A.As well as B.As far as
C.As long as D.As soon as
12._________you have made a promise, you should try to carry it out.
A.SinceB.When C.WhileD.Unless
13.The middle-aged woman managed to get to the cinema half an hour ahead of time _________ she could get a good seat.
A.so thatB.as ifC.even ifD.in case
14.Before you leave, you should close all the doors and windows __________ there will be a storm.
A.in case B.as though
C.even though D.sothat
15.The girl went home in such a hurry __________ she forgot to take her schoolbag.
A.asB.thatC.whenD.because
二、将下列各句改为倒装句型
1.I didn’t go out until it stopped raining completely.
2.The young man had hardly got to the airport when the plane took off.
3.Though I want to watch this football match very much, I have no time to watch it. （将Though改为as）
4.The girl was so excited that she could hardly express herself.
5.He had no sooner got to the station than the train left.
key:
一、1.C。由语境逻辑可知，主人公不知道在他父母从国外回来之前还要过多久，因此该空应填before引导时间状语从句。
2.A。由语境逻辑可以推出那天主人公没有认出那个漂亮女孩的状态一直延续到其走下公共汽车，因此该空应填until引导时间状语从句。
3.B。由语境逻辑可知，主人公应在有问题问老师的地方做记号，因此该空应填where引导地点状语从句。
4.C。由语境逻辑可以推出该空表示“尽管”，因此应填While引导让步状语从句。
5.D。该空表示“即使”，因此应填even if引导让步状语从句。
6.B。该空表示“无论什么”且修饰名词，因此应填Whatever引导让步状语从句。
7.A。该空表示“无论谁”且做主语，因此应填whoever引导让步状语从句。
8.B。该空表示“无论多么”且修饰原级形容词，因此应填However引导让步状语从句。
9.D。句中as表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，因此应将表语提前，当表语为单数可数名词时应去掉不定冠词将其前移。
10.C。该空表示“除非”，因此应填unless引导条件状语从句。
11.C。由语境逻辑可以推出只要主人公像这样努力工作总有一天会成功，因此该空应填As long as引导条件状语从句。
12.A。该空表示“既然”，因此应填Since引导原因状语从句。
13.A。由语境逻辑可以推出中年妇女设法提前半小时赶到电影院的目的是为了获得一个好位置，因此该空应填so that引导目的状语从句。
14.A。由语境逻辑可知，主人公走之前关上所有门窗是为了防止有暴风雨，因此该空应填in case引导目的状语从句。
15.B。由语境逻辑可以推出这女孩回家的动作如此匆忙以致于忘了带上书包，因此该空应填that，构成such…that…结构引导结果状语从句。
二、
1.Not until it stopped raining completely did I go out.
2.Hardly had the young man got to the airport when the plane took off.
3.Very much as I want to watch this football match, I have no time to watch it.
4.So excited was the girl that she could hardly express herself.
考点说明 关系副词when，where，why引导定语从句时，分别表示时间、地点和原因。但并不是在所有的时间名词后就一定用关系副词when，在地点名词后就一定用关系副词where，在表示原因的名词后就一定用关系副词why引导定语从句，关键要看从句中缺少什么成分。
例1 I don’t know the reason ______ the housing prices go up so wildly.
A.why B.that C.where D.when
解析 选A。此句中的先行词是the reason，定语从句是the housing prices go up so wildly，这个句子是完整的，缺少原因状语for the reason，所以选择关系副词why来代替它。
例2 In a sports team each player has a clear role，and there are few occasions ______ members are confused or uncertain of their roles．
A.which B.that C.when D.how
解析 选C。此句中的先行词是few occasions，定语从句是members are confused or uncertain of their roles，缺少状语on few occasions，所以选择关系副词when引导此定语从句。
例3 China’s new food law provides for a food recall system ______ producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
解析 选A。此句中的先行词是a food recall system，定语从句是producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards，缺少状语in the system，所以选择关系副词where引导此定语从句。
例4 Can you guess the year ______ my mother and my father got married？
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
解析 选C。此句中的先行词是the year，定语从句是my mother and my father got married，缺少时间状语in the year，所以选择关系副词when引导此定语从句。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句，可以改写为“介词＋which”引导的定语从句
考点说明 由于关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词＋名词”，如： when相当于on / in / during the day，where相当于in / at the place，why相当于for the reason。
注意：在“介词＋ which ”结构中，介词的选择取决于 which 所指的名词与介词的搭配关系，或者取决于定语从句中动词词组与介词的搭配关系。
例5 The National Education Department says school safety has set off alarm bells with frequent serious accidents ______ students got injured or even killed.
A. that B. in which C. by which D.when
解析 选B。此句中的先行词是accidents，定语从句是students got injured or even killed，缺少状语in the accidents，所以选择in which来取代关系副词where引导此定语从句。
例6 China has hundreds of islands， ______ the largest is Taiwan.
A. in which B. to which
C. from which D. of which
解析 选D。此句中的先行词是islands，定语从句是the largest is Taiwan，缺少状语of the islands，意为“在这些岛当中，最大的岛是台湾”，所以选择of which来引导此定语从句。
例7 A good ad often uses words ______ people attach positive meanings.
A. in which B. to which C. which D. that
解析 选B。此句中的先行词是words， 完整的定语从句是people attach positive meanings to the words，缺少状语to the words。从句意为“人们赋予这些单词积极的意义”，所以选择to which来引导此定语从句。
例8 I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction ______ she had come.
A. of which B. by which
C. in which D. from which
解析 选D。此句中的先行词是direction，定语从句是she had come，缺少状语from the direction，所以选择from which来引导此定语从句。
例9 Mark was a student at this university from 2006 to 2010， ______ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
A. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time
解析 选A。此句中的先行词是from 2006 to 2010，定语从句是he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union，缺少状语during the time，所以选择during which time来引导此定语从句。
三、考查对先行词表示地点性质的判断
考点说明 当situation，case，point，activity等作先行词时，其后常用where引导定语从句。这些先行词看起来并不表示地点，容易被误看成事物，而使用that或which来引导定语从句。
例10 I’ve come to the point ______ I can’t stand her arguing any longer.
A. what B. where C. which D. that
解析 选B。此句中的先行词是the point，定语从句是I can’t stand her arguing any longer。句意为：我已经到了再也无法忍受她辩解的地步了。point相当于一个点，所以选择where来引导此定语从句。
例11 Mary，would you like to help me to think out a situation ______ these phrases can be used at the same time？
A. which B. that C. as D. where
解析 选D。此句中的先行词是a situation，定语从句是these phrases can be used at the same time，缺少状语in a situation，所以选择where来引导此定语从句。
例12 Can you think of some cases ______ drivers obviously knew the traffic rules but didn’t obey them？
A.why B.where C.as D.which
解析 选B。此句中的先行词是some cases，定语从句是drivers obviously knew the traffic rules but didn’t obey them，缺少状语in some cases，所以选择where来引导此定语从句。
例13 While public speaking focuses on an individual，debate is an activity ______ two or more speakers present their opinions in support and against a given issue.
A. where B. which C. on which D. with which
关键词：完成句子；命题特点；症结诊断；考点归纳
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2014）01-0117
完成句子是湖北省自2007年开始的一个新题型，也是湖北卷区别于其他省市高考英语试卷的特殊题型。考点为英语语言知识的综合运用，要求学生运用所学双基（词汇和语法）及翻译知识，综合地分析问题。重点考查语法结构的掌握，而且对语法知识的考查由原来的语法认知、判断、改错上升到了语言知识的综合应用。该题型在原有题型上提高了一个档次，体现了良好的测试功能和导向作用，有利于高考的选拔性。
一、命题特点
“完成句子”自2007年开始到现在已有8年的历史。期间在2012年对“完成句子”做了一个调整，分值由15分增加到20分，完成句子题中所要填写部分的汉语提示变成给出整个句子的中文意思。但新旧题型考查的语法及句子结构都没有变化，说白了，就是用括号中所给单词的短语或句型，结合某个语法，表达出所给出的中文意思。纵观这8年的考题，不难发现以下特点：
1. 语法覆盖面广、粗略统计已涉及了20 多种语法现象及固定句型，如there be句型、it occurred to sb. that等。2. 重点语法反复呈现，非谓语动词、定语从句、倒装、虚拟、with复合结构、名词性从句、状语从句、形容词比较级、情态动词加现在完成时等。3. 动词时态语态往往与其他语法融合在一起。4. 语境控制、答案精确客观，答案词汇最宜区间2-5个。事实上，自2007年以来，不超过5个词汇的答案占到了90%，约一半的试题所给的答案不止一个。5. 紧密联系教材，许多题目在教材上能找到对应的雏形，如winning the scholarship、might have had a hand in等。6. 对句子成分、句子结构的分析是做好题目的关键，特别是非直接相邻的分隔现象的使用。7. 常见词汇及不规则动词的拼写必须掌握。
二、症结诊断
笔者通过对平时学生训练的观察和高考完成句子试题分析，发现考生常见错误主要体现在以下几点：
1. 未用括号中所给的词或通过添加前缀、后缀，改变了所给词的词性。2. 添加无关信息或遗漏相关信息，尤其是句子的状语，像表程度的副词。3. 语法错误。如主谓一致，时态、语态问题，助动词、be动词的误用。4. 句法、语法错误。句法主要包括主、谓、宾、定、状、补语的关系问题，考生常常搞不清句子成分，故经常出错。词法错误包括词性误用、混用，词义乱用，搭配不当等。5. 书写错误。包括错词、误用等。6. 语境理解失误。实际上，每道题都有一个相对完整的语境，审题要将汉语句意和英语部分结合考虑，运用正确的时态、语态。7. 容易受英汉表达思维差异的影响。
三、考点归纳
通过对历年高考完成句子试题分析以及对考生失分的主要原因的诊断，笔者将完成句子中所涉及的重点、难点、热点语法现象归纳如下：
1. 时态与语态。各时态中，现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时是重中之重，其次还要关注过去完成时、现在进行时及其被动语态。多留意时间状语（从句），包括英语的时间状语（从句）和一些典型的中文时态提示，像“已经”、“正（在）”、“将”等；情态动词也是我们关注的要点，像“能”、“会”、“（应）该”等；主动变被动时动词的过去分词都要特别留意；时态语态的考查往往结合其他的语法，包括主谓一致等。
2. 三大从句（名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句）。名词性从句中，重点考查what引导的主语从句、宾语从句以及同位语从句，注意连接词的区别且不要和定语从句中关系代、副词混淆。定语从句中，重点考查非限定性从句中引导词的选择以及由as，whose +名词或the +名词+of which ，where ，when ，介词+whom/which 引导的定语从句。状语从句中，重点考查when+分词构成的时间状语从句的省略，if 引导的条件状语从句以及疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句，注意分清定语从句和状语从句的区别。
3. 非谓语。重点考查非谓语在句中充当状语和宾补，也会涉及到非谓语做主语、宾语、以及定语。除了常规的非谓语做状语，only+不定式表出乎意料的结果状语以及leaving/making等引导的结果状语要熟悉。而宾补的用法中，尤其注意感官动词、使役动词和find，尤其是have的用法。
4. 特殊句式（倒装、强调以及其他的特殊句型）。要弄清部分倒装句和全部倒装句的区别。该部分重点考查否定词位于句首的部分倒装和表示地点的介词短语位于句首时的完全倒装；强调句型在掌握基本句型前提之下，要特别留意判断is/was的正确使用，that一定不能省略。更复杂一点，就是强调句型的特殊疑问句，以及它在句子中充当从句，要注意用陈述句的句子结构；至于其他的特殊句型，多半是it的特殊句型，以及倍数的表达，平时要注意积累。
5. 情态动词和虚拟语气。要区别不同的情态动词的意思特别是will、would“会”，must“一定”，can’t、couldn’t“不可能”，should“竟然、按道理来说应该如此”。而且特别注意情态动词表推测的用法和情态动词用于虚拟语气的用法，像“本应该”、“本可以”、“本不必”等等；再就是名词性从句中含有“坚持、命令、建议、要求”时的虚拟语气的使用；这一部分还经常考查if引导的条件状语从句中的虚拟、省略、倒装。
完成句子这个题型的内容考点应该是常规语法的常用形式，基础词汇的基本用法。因此对待这种题型实际上要建立三种意识：语法意识、结构意识、搭配意识。前二都属于语法，而英语语法的最大特点就是产生形式变化。结构指句型、句式或语式部分的变形或变异；语法意识主要是指大语法意识，即对时态、语态、非谓语及语气等的基本意识。因此，在复习备考中，一要回归教材，积累词汇、短语及习惯搭配；二要疏通语法，分专题复习必考和常考语法知识，形成系统的语法网络结构；三要掌握完成句子的解题方法与技巧，并加以大量操练。而其中必不可少的一部分，是分析句子结构。要求学生对句子成分、句子结构非常地熟练。平时的训练要从词法、句法入手，提高学生分析句子结构的能力。
总之，只要了解了完成句子的考点、命题规律，方法得当，训练到位，这个题型拿到高分是不难的。
一、英语语言翻译特点分析
（一）形合与意合。从语言学看来英语具有形合的特点，汉 语具有意合的特点。形合是指几句短句和长句之间的关系是 显性的，形式上逻辑是非常严格和清晰的，通过语法和词汇 逻辑关系实现了句子全部意义的表达。形合更加倾向于用链 接词的应用，不管是长句还是短句都是用链接词来链接，例 如：if、and、so等，同时也what、how等关系链接词，也有 介词to，in一户状语功能的非谓语动词结构，也就是我们经常 说的动名词。各种链接词的应用使得句与句之间、单词与单 词之间的链接关系显的非常明显和清晰。英语的语言结构就 是一种通过连接词的过渡，实现了各种词汇和句子之间的链接。
（二）语言树状。英语是比较注重主谓结构。主+谓（S+V）、主+谓+表（S+V+P）、 主+谓+宾（S+V+O）、 主+谓+间宾+直宾 （S+V+o+O）、主+谓+宾+宾补（S+V+O+C）是英语语言中比较常 用的句型结构，这几种结构通常在长句中也是主句，然后各 种短语、分句和从句在利用各种链接词进行链接和延生，让 长句像一颗大树一样在主句上生长出各个枝叶。各种不同句 型就形成了我们熟知的长短句和复合句，我们可以从语言树 状上清晰的看到英语的形合的特征。
二、英语长句翻译具体分析
笔者基于英语长句翻译提出了几点现实性依据，如下：
（一）认清主谓关系
在任意一个英语成句中，主谓系统是不可或缺的，可在长句中找出全部动词，然后对此类动词进行分析，明确其是 从句谓语动词，或者是主句谓语动词，抑或是具有状语性功 能的非谓语动词结构。
（二）分析结果后进行翻译工作
参考分析结果，选择相应的翻译技巧和策略对英语长句进行翻译，同时确保译文与汉语表达习惯相符。
例 1： He worried that his dog would not get another here bone because Billy had hidden the bones in the house before going back to the hospital，and ④now he could not remember where⑤ he put them
通过对本句的分析可以看到，worried、would not get、had hidden、going、could not remember 和 put 是本句中的所有动词结构，而关联词则包括 that、because、and、in、where 和 before。综合来看， that 是一个宾语从句的引导词，而 would not get
则是谓语动词，his dog 是主语，another 是宾语； because 是一个状语从句（ 阐明原因） 的引导词，其中 had hidden 是谓语 动词，Billy 是主语，the bones 是宾语； 地点状语和时间状语成 分分别由介词 in、before 构成，going 则以动名词形式列于介 词后； ④是一个并列状语分句，是由 because 和 and 所引导的 状语从句（ 表原因） 的构成部分，其中 he 是主语，could not re-member 是谓语动词，由 where 所引导的一个宾语从句则是这 个并列状语分句的宾语部分； ⑤是一个宾语从句，由连接词 where 引导，其中 he 是主语、put 是谓语、them 是宾语。从整 体上来看，在这个长句中， 是主句，其主语和谓语动词分别为 he、worried，而由that 所引导的宾语从句则是主句的宾语。此时这个看似复杂的英语长句结构已经明了，即 1 主句+ 2 宾语从句 + 2 原因状语从句，因而其逻辑关系自然也就十分清晰了，我们可以参考原文句子顺序，选择顺译法来翻译句子，译文为： 贝利害怕他的狗再也没骨头可以吃了，因为在返回医院前他把骨头藏起来了，而且现在他忘记自己把骨 头藏在哪里了。
三、英语长句翻译的步骤
我们知道了英语语言的行合和言语树状的特点就可以对 英语长句翻译找到合理的步奏，首先我们可以对英语长句进 行主句分离，进行句子结构分析，从一个长句子中找到我们 以上说的五中结构；其次，在句子中找到链接词，这种连接 词就好像是句子的枝杈根部，只有认识枝杈根部才能对这个 分支进行理性的识别，找到but、that、to、because、which、with这类链接词和非谓语动词结构，然后对构成句子的短句 进行分析，判断这一句型结构是非谓语动词结构还是从句结构或者是并列结构；再次我们要分别这一句型是主句谓语动 词还是从句非谓语动词，因为英语句型结构成立必然是包含 主谓语的；最后。我们根据之前的分析结构对长句进行翻 译，然后对汉语翻译进行修饰，使其符合汉语语言结构。
四、英语长句翻译技巧
目前，在高考中每年有不同的状语从句会在高考试题中出现，我们可以从中看到状语从句的考点还是比较多的。例如：
1._____ he comes， we won’t be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless
C. Except
D. Even
2.The horse is getting old and can run_____ it did.
A. as faster as
B. so fast than
C. so faster as
D. as fast as
3. She told us_____ story that we all forget about the time.
A. such an interesting
B. such interesting
C. so an interesting
D. a so interesting
4. This year they have produced_____ grain____ they did last year.
A. as less as
B. as few as
C. less than
D. fewer than
5. I hurried____ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
6. _____ the day went on， the weather got worse.
A. With
B. Since C. While D. As
7. ______she is young， she knows quite a lot.
A. When
B. However C. Although
D. Unless
8. Although he is considered a great writer， ______.
A. his works are not widely read
B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
9， Go and get your coat. It’s_____ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
10. ---What was the party like?
---Wonderful. It’s years____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
11.---Can I join your club， dad?
---You can when you____ a bit older.
A. get
B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
12.--- I didn’t see your sister at the meeting.
---If she______， she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
13. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill， especially ___ father was away in France.
A. as
B. that C. during D. if
14.She thought I was talking about her daughter，______， in fact， I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which
D. while
答案是：1---5: B D A C B
6---10: D C A B D
11---14: A D AD
从中我们可以看到状语从句考查的次数和范围都是比较广泛的，如下面例句的解释可以更好地帮助我们学习和掌握状语从句。例如：
1， John plays football____， if not better than David.
A. as well B， as well as C. so well
D. so well as
答案：B。
此题关键在于能否辨认出句中的状语从句。If not better than为more…than的比较结构，插入成分。根据句意，空白处as…as比较结构意为“如果不是比大卫踢得好，也与他踢得一样好”，故选B。
否定句才用so…as结构，the more…， the more…等词引导，比较从句部分常是省略句。如：
I know you better than he does.
The more we can do for others，the happier we will be.
2. ______， mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However
D. However late he is
答案：D
However修饰形容词或副词相当于no matter how，如However rich she is， she always feels sad.=No matter how rich she is， she always feels sad.
3. We’ll have to finish the job， ______.
A. long it takes however
B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes
D. however long it takes
答案：D
本题考查程度副词however引导状语从句的用法。However=(to whatever degree)“不管到什么程度”，引导的状语从句中however所强调的形容词或副词应紧随其后。如：However hungry Jane is， she goes on working.
However还可以修饰动词。However you travel， it will take you at least three days.
疑问词+ever构成的复合词用法如下：
（1）引导名词性从句，还可以引导让步状语从句。
No matter what happens， you don’t lose heart.= Whatever happens， you don’t lose heart.
(2)whenever引导时间状语从句，Wherever引导地点状语从句。
You may leave whenever=(at any time) you want to.
Whenever=No matter when it happened， it was certainly not yesterday.
You have time to go wherever you like(wherever=to any place).
Wherever he went， he exchanged experiments with people.(wherever=no matter where)
注意：引导让步状语从句时，疑问词+ ever=no matter +疑问词，但在名词性从句中不可以互换，一般只用疑问词+ever结构。
4. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she______.
A. will arrive
B. arrives
C. is going to arrives D. is arriving
答案；B
在as soon as，if unless，before，until，the moment及no matter+疑问词、疑问词+ever等引导的时间、条件和让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时，一般过去时表示过去将来时，现在完成时表示将来完成时，过去完成时表示过去将来完成时。如：
I won’t go out unless my work has been done.
I’ll go to the theatre tomorrow if I have time .
5.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill， especially _____ father was away in France.
A. as B. that C. during D. if
答案：A
该题考查状语从句，根据上下句的结构判断这是一个状语从句。句中说明mother着急的两个原因。B、D不合题意，故选A。
As引导的是原因状语从句，因为as，because， since都引导原因状语从句，但不同于表示直接原因或者理由的because，其重点在从句中，一般用来回答why问句，语气最强。如：
Why are you late? Because I missed the bus.
再如：She was absent today because she was ill.
As表示的原因十分明显，多说明因果关系，重点在主句上，语气较弱。
如：As it is raining heavily， we shall not go to the park.
As the moon is nearer to us， it looks bigger.
As位置可放在句首，也可以放在句末。
Since表示对方已知的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由，全句中心在主句，语气比because弱。如Since you can’t go there， I’ll go late.
另外for也可作并列连词（不用于句首，较because正式，少用于口语中，但语气比because弱）。
The day breaks， for the birds are singing.
For常表示一种推理或解释，或附加的说明，而不是指理由和原因。如：We must get rid of carelessness， for it often leads to errors.
“for”表示因果关系时，可用because代替，但for前须用逗号，而because不必用逗号。
You couldn’t have been there because it wasn’t there five years ago.
You couldn’t have been there， for it wasn’t there five years ago.