医学影像学的现状及最新的进展研究

时间:2022-10-21 12:17:43

【前言】医学影像学的现状及最新的进展研究由文秘帮小编整理而成,但愿对你的学习工作带来帮助。Department of Radiology, the 731 Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Industry Group, Beijing 100074, China [Abstract] Medical imaging has from the traditional anatomical imaging into the function and molecular imaging era. Imaging diagnostic...

医学影像学的现状及最新的进展研究

[摘要] 医学影像学目前已从传统的解剖成像进入了功能和分子显像时代,使影像诊断准确率大幅升高。现今,X线、CT、MRI技术已常规应用于疾病的诊断、治疗指导及治疗效果评价,医学影像图像实现了从二维到三维成像,甚至是四维成像的功能成像转变。各项技术各有其优缺点及适用情况。超声分子显像技术是一种潜在的、较为理想的分子显影方法,是今后该领域研究的热点。

[关键词] 医学影像学;X线;计算机断层成像;磁共振成像技术;超声分子显像技术

[中图分类号] R445 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2015)10(a)-0033-04

Research of present situation and the latest progress of medical imaging

YUAN Ye

Department of Radiology, the 731 Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Industry Group, Beijing 100074, China

[Abstract] Medical imaging has from the traditional anatomical imaging into the function and molecular imaging era. Imaging diagnostic accuracy has sharply rising. Nowadays, X-rays, CT, MRI have routinely applied in the diagnosis of the disease, guiding treatment and treatment effectiveness evaluation. Medical imaging image achieves changes from 2 D to 3 D imaging, and even the 4D imaging. In clinic, all the techniques have their advantages and disadvantages and applicable condition. Ultrasonic molecular imaging technology has became a kind of potential and ideal molecular imaging method, which is the focus in this field of research in future.

[Key words] Medical imaging; X-ray; Computed tomography; MRI techniques; Ultrasonic molecular imaging technology

近年来,随着计算机技术的迅猛发展,与该技术关系度密切的影像技术也取到了前所未有的新成果,医学影像学作为医学方面发展最为快速的一门学科,其设备成像质量也向数字化迈进[1-4],如计算机断层成像(computed tomography,CT)及磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等,图像的时间分辨率和空间分辨率均得到很大提升,实现了从2D到3D,甚至是4D的功能成像转变,影像诊断准确率得到大幅升高。本研究综述医学影像学的现状及新的进展研究,旨在为临床医学的发展提供更多客观的诊疗参考。

1 常规X线

X线平片是迄今为止应用最早、最普遍、操作最便捷的影像学检查方法[4-5]。随着技术的不断发展,常规X线已从模拟模式(传统的胶片)逐步发展为数字模式(医用显示器阅片)[6]。该方式下的数字图像分辨率较高,图像锐利度良好,细节显示较为详细;曝光范围宽,可结合临床需求来处理各种图像;摈弃了胶片化模式,节约物质及时间成本,方便患者,同时也有利于医院会诊与医学生教学[7-10]。常用的方法主要有计算机X线摄影(computed radiography,CR)、数字X线成像系统(direct digital radiography,DDR)等。

CR是X线平片数字化较为成熟的一种体现,其以成像板作为载体,利用X线曝光及信息处理系统形成数字影像,信息的层次感增强。随着DR技术的普及与发展,其将逐渐在急诊医学中推广应用[11-13]。DDR主要利用平板、数字化探测器,通过X线影像数字化的直接转化,利用计算机将结果在监视器上还原。与CR不同的是,DDR的转换方式更为直接。在不久的将来,DDR技术将会在血管机和胃肠机等各类X线诊断设备中广泛推广。CR是DDR技术的前身,两者有一定的共同的优点:X线图像质量较好;复制与传送十分快捷,存储较方便;X线辐射剂量减少,不足同类检查剂量原有剂量的1/10,使用起来更为安全[14-15]。但相对来讲,CR的缺点是拍片速度较慢,耗时长[16]。未来一段时间CR和DDR技术会并存,不过随着医学影像技术的不断发展,CR终将被DDR技术所取代。

2 CT

20世纪90年代初,单层螺旋CT(single-slice helical computed tomography,SSCT)在临床中逐渐被关注,并逐渐成熟。其中以CT血管造影为代表的三维后处理技术,改变了传统的显示方式,其以操作简单、扫描迅速、重复性好、无创等特征广泛应用,但SSCT自身的容积覆盖速度范围较窄,医生往往需要手动增大层厚或调节螺距来进行调节,这样会明显降低后处理图像的分辨力,图像伪影较为明显,此特点限制了SSCT在临床的推广使用[17-24]。

计算机辅助检测(computer-aided detection,CAD)是当今发展起来的一种新技术,在肿瘤中的应用广泛[25-27]。CAD是一种将计算机数字化信息输入计算机,再由相关医师复阅来提高早期肿瘤检出效率的方式[28-29]。CAD往往在不增加医生工作量的情况下,提高了病变检出率,能够在临床辅助医疗中有较好的应用效果[30-35]。其优势主要表现为稳定、迅速、无生理局限,人为因素(如经验限制、疏忽、疲劳等)的影响较小,降低了误差率。有研究显示,CAD系统对于恶性肿块检出的敏感性为86%,对于活检证实的恶性钙化的检出敏感性可高达98%,可见CAD系统对于检测及标记成簇微小钙化的敏感性较高[32]。

3 MRI技术

1974年磁共振技术首次应用于人体活体成像。近年来随着超高场强设备的发展及3D设备的不断成熟,射频场的均匀性和图像质量得到了大幅提升,利用仿真180射频脉冲、超级回波技术、多通道放射状射频发射线圈能够使射频变形减少,超高场强MRI的图像分辨率提高,磁敏感伪影减少。目前新型且应用较为广泛的有以下几种:

3.1 三维动脉自旋标记技术(three dimensionalartery spin labeling,3D ASL)灌注成像

3D ASL作为一种无创灌注成像技术,具有明显的优势:①在1.5 s内能够达到1000多次的射频标记,较传统脉冲式标记下的信噪比升高,灌注效果十分均匀,此连续式标记能够满足大范围3D全脑容积灌注成像的要求;②利用FSE序列可有效评价传统2D ASL所不能评价的区域的灌注信息,包括颅底、颞部等区域;③采用螺旋K空间采集技术,在数分钟内完成全脑灌注成像,克服每个梯度线圈的自感问题和多个梯度线圈间的互感问题[33-34]。3D ASL灌注将动脉血中的水分子作为内源性示踪剂,独立于血脑屏障,能够更为准确地对梗死后再灌注的组织进行评价,鉴别畸形的脑血管,对颅内肿瘤新生血管给予准确的肿瘤分级[35]。

3.2 多对比度成像

在MRI应用于临床的过程中,需要对脂类物质信号的抑制来提高病变与背景组织之间的对比,以更好地显示病变,提高诊断的正确率。在脂肪抑制方面,传统的脂肪抑制技术往往对磁场均匀度的要求较高,信噪比不高。目前,基于三点式Dixon技术的多对比度成像技术能够保证任意的水、脂肪比值,提高信号强度,提高组织结构交界处图像的清晰度,达到水脂彻底分离。另外,多对比度成像技术的一次成像便可获得4种对比度(水相、脂相、水脂同相、水脂反相),扫描流程得到明显优化,病变诊断的特异度、病变检出的敏感度显著提高。最小二乘法估计技术(iterative decomposition of waterand fat with echo asymmetry and least-squaresestimation,IDEAL)是对Dixon技术进行改进的精准定量化技术,通过多回波采集及区域增长技术,能够达到肝脏内脂肪含量的精确量化[36-37]。IDEAL技术较传统水脂成像方法具有更高的脂肪定量的精准性,目前已在脂肪肝、肿瘤、代谢性疾病等疾病治疗效的评估中有所应用。

3.3 扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)

DWI是依赖于水分子运动的一种成像方式,能够快速检出肝硬化的小肝癌、胃癌、直肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等恶性肿瘤,对于全身性有肿瘤转移存在较高的敏感性,目前尚处于研究阶段。高清DWI可降低DWI图像变形,提高DWI的空间分辨率及信噪比。可通过校正采集、识别和重新计算错误数据等技术来减少不同数据截断或生理运动所出现的误差[38]。高清DWI可应用于神经系统,如大脑、脑干、脊髓、丘脑以及灰质核团的细微结构,还可用于腹部病变的鉴别诊。目前衍生出Q-空间成像、高角度分辨率成像(HARDI)、QBI等方法能够准确反映水分子在各个方向上的扩散特性,即能获得更加精确的纤维走向和连接处结构。动态增强MRI量化参数能够间接对肿瘤血管的通透性及病变的纤维化程度进行评价,主要在乳腺、腹部及盆腔器官实质性肿瘤的早期诊断及治疗效果的监测中有所应用。随着MRI设备和技术的进步,MRI技术正在向定量成像技术、个体化治疗疗效评估和多模式MRI分子影像技术方向发展。

4 超声分子显像技术

随着超声造影成像技术的不断发展与完善,尤其是靶向微泡造影剂的出现,超声分子显像已成为了一种潜在的、较为理想的分子显影方法[39]。目前,超声分子显像的基础研究虽然取得了一些进展,但亦面临着诸多技术的难点:如何制备特异性好的靶向微泡造影剂;如何改善普通微泡造影剂仅能作为血池内显影剂的现状等。液气相变纳米粒、光声成像等新技术为超声分子显像以及多模态分子显像研究提供了新的思路与方法,是目前该领域研究的热点与发展方向。

5 小结与展望

医学影像学是现代医学发展最快的学科之一,目前已从传统的解剖成像进入了功能和分子显像时代。医学影像学常规应用于疾病的诊断、治疗指导及治疗效果评价,期望能有效可视化人类疾病高度的表型差异性及其隐藏的内涵特征。但一直以来,影像学家仅从上述影像中提取主观性、半定量的信息,如果能够利用已有数据研究并通过多学科、多领域的广泛协作,解码隐含在影像信息中的因患者细胞、生理、遗传变异等多因素共同决定的综合影像信息,并能客观且定量化将其“内涵”呈现在临床诊治、预后分析的整个过程,这无疑会为临床医学各个方面的发展带来一场举世瞩目的革命并造福人类。

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(收稿日期:2015-06-03 本文编辑:程 铭)

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