漫谈关系代词型What引导的名词性从句

时间:2022-10-12 07:33:39

漫谈关系代词型What引导的名词性从句

本文通过分析what引导的名词性从句,帮助读者弄清楚连接代词what与关系代词what引导名词从句的区别,以及关系代词型what引导名词性从句的特别之处。关系代词型“What”连接代词“what”先行词关系代词型What引导的名词性从句在英语中经常出现,它表达的意思往往令学习者感到困惑。尤其是初学者在阅读理解,或英中对译,或写作表达方面,对引导名词性从句的关系代词型what的含义和用法极容易产生误解和错误。本文拟通过分析常见的what引导的名词性从句,帮助读者弄清楚连接代词what与关系代词型what引导名词性从句的区别,以及关系代词型what引导名词性从句的特别之处。1.连接代词what引导名词性从句时,实际上是其作为疑问代词的一种借用,即将疑问代词what用作连词引导从句,这时它表示的是一个问题。⑴ It was clear enough what she meant. 她究竟是什么意思是再清楚不过的。 ⑵ I don’t care what she thinks.我不在乎她会怎么想。⑶ Let me see what you’ve chosen.让我看看你选的是什么。⑷ I can’t describe to you what I felt at that moment.我无法向你描述我当时是什么感觉。⑸ You have no idea what I suffered.你不了解我有多苦。⑹ No one can tell what will happen next.每人能够预见往后会发生什么。⑺ I don’t know what motive he could have had.我不知道他的动机是什么。⑻ I asked him what clothes I should wear.我问他我应该穿什么衣服。⑼ What Miss Fulton did, Bertha didn’t know.富尔顿小姐干啥的,伯莎并不晓得。⑽ You would have absolute freedom as to what researches you thought it best to pursue.你认为从事何种研究最好,你可以有绝对的自由。对此,有的语法学家提出了一个标准,即在表示询问,怀疑,不肯定,好奇的句子中,what引导从句时表示疑问,通常译为“什么……?”以上各句中what引起的从句相当于一个特殊疑问句。⑾ What did she mean?⑿ What does she think?⒀ What have you chosen?⒁ What did I feel at that moment?⒂ What did I suffer?⒃ What will happen next?⒄ What motive could she have had?⒅ What clothes should I wear? ⒆ What did Miss Fulton do?⒇ What researches did you think it best to pursue?2.关系代词型what引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句作后置修饰语的名词词组,即the things + that-clause或the persons + that-clause,它表示的不是一个问题,而是一件事情,通常译为“(所)…的(东西)”;“(所)…的(人)”。(21)What(=the things that)caused the accident is a complete mystery.(所)造成这场事故的原因还完全是个迷。(22)What(= anything which)is done cannot be undone.几成定局的事情无可挽回(23)What(= the thing that) is one man’s meat is another’s poison.对甲有利的事情未必对乙也有利。(24) What(= anything that)snow conceals, the sun reveals. 积雪掩盖的东西,太阳曝光之。(若要人不知,除非己不为)(25) This book is just what(= the book that)I have been looking for.这本书正是我所一直在找寻的那本书。(26) The novel is what(= a novel that)people call a nonstop page turner.这本小说是人们称之为引人入胜、欲罢不能的那种作品。(27) Do not put off till tomorrow what(= the things that)you can do today.今天可以干好的事情绝不要拖到明天。(28) Don’t criticize what(= the things that)you don’t understand.不可批判自己不能理解的事物。(29) I can’t make out what(= the things that)you are talking about.我无法理解你所谈论的事情。(30) There is in English what(= a metaphor that)we call the “mixed metaphor”, an unhappy marriage of two different figures of speech.英语里有一种我们称之为“混杂隐喻”的东西,即两种不同的修辞格的生硬结合。例句(21)―(30)中what引导的从句并不表示疑问意思,因此不可改写成特殊疑问句。此外,关系代词型what由于已经包含了先行词(thing或things;that或 those;person或persons),它与通常引导定语从句的关系代词that, which, who不同。(31)Philip was depressed by what ( = those that) he had gone through.菲利普的苦难经历使他感到很消沉。(32)He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through.他似乎把他受的苦全忘了。(33) Rachel was what (= the kind of person who ) was known as a DonQuixote.雷切尔就是那种人们称之为不切实际的理想主义者。The man who was sick is now well.患病那个人现在好了。例(31)、(33)中的关系代词型what由于在意义上已经包含有先行词those,the kind of person,所以在它前面不需要在加其他名词性短语。例(32)、(34)中的关系代词that,who必须跟在先行词之后,所以在其前面必须用别的名词性短语,all,the man。3.关系型代词what在意义上具有特指和泛指的区别。关系型代词what表示特指的有如上述的例(21)、(23)、(25)、(27)、(28)、 (29),再如:(35) What (特指 = that which) caused the accident was a broken bottle.造成事故的原因是一只破瓶子。(36)Quality is what(特指= that which) counts most..质量是最重要的方面。关系型代词what表示泛指的有如例(22)、(24)、(26)、(30)。关系型代词what表示泛指时,其包含的先行词相当于一个不定代词,它引导的从句表示不必或不可能说得十分具体的事物:(37) What (泛指 = anything which ) caused the accident has not yet been found. 是什么原因造成这一事故目前还没有弄清楚。(38)What(泛指= anything which )she looks like doesn’t matter.她长相怎么样无关重要。关系代词型what具有的泛指意义可通过复合词whatever得到强调,但实际上二者常常起相同的作用,只不过whatever表示泛指的意义更突出一些。(39)Well, I’ll do what(= anything that) I can.对了,我要尽力而为。(40) I’ll do whatever(= anything that) you wish.你想要什么,我就干什么。(41)They did what(= all that) they could to console her.他们尽量安慰她。(42)Whatever(= anything that) she says goes.她说怎么样就怎么样。(43)Give me what(= anything that) there is.有什么就给我什么。(44)Whatever(= all that) I have is at your service. 我所有的一切都任由你使用。4.关系型代词what包含的先行词表示的意思既可以是单数(the thing which, anything that),也可以是复数(the things which; those which, all that);既可以指物,又可以指人(the person that):(45) As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what (=all that ) I hear.作为你的朋友,我要告诉你我听到的一切。(46) I should like to be a teacher. That’s what (=the kind of person that) I want to be.我想做一位老师,那是我心向往之的理想。(47)It was a small place then compared to what(=the place that ) it is now.和今天的规模相比,那里当时仅仅是个小地方。已如前述,关系代词型what具有泛指意义,它所表示的内容从what本身是看不出来的。这时可以根据关系代词型what引导的从句中的动词来进行推敲和理解,就不难确定what表达的意思。(42)She was no happy at what he had said.她对他说的话感到不快。(43)But what follows is the narrative of his experience.而以下内容是叙述他的人生经历。(44)What she saw gave her a little fright.她见到的景象使她感到有些害怕。关系代词型what的含义与用法与其说是个语法问题,不如说是英语中的一个表达习惯。英语学习者经过大量阅读、细心体会和反复练习,必能熟练掌握它的特点,在翻译,写作实践中加以灵活运用,曲尽其妙。

参考文献:

[1]张道真.实用英语语法.商务印书馆,1979.

[2]章振邦.新编英语语法.上海译文出版社,1983.

[3]张道真.现代英语用法词典.上海译文出版社,1987.

[4]费致德.现代英语惯用法词典.商务印书馆,1987.

[5]Michael Swan.英语用法指南.外语教学与研究出版社,1986.

上一篇:浅谈如何加强南京财经大学第二课堂建设 下一篇:高校动画专业素描课程教学内容改革的必要性