微语法系列―16:不定式的“三元”时态

不定式的主部件是动词，自然也有时态，但仅有“三元”：一般式to do，进行式to be doing，完成式to have done。其实还有to have been doing，但在此归入完成式。

不定式的一般式to do，从时态意义上来说主要用来表示将来，此时不定式动作后于谓语动作发生；进行式to be doing主要用来强调动作的正在进行，此时不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生；完成式to have done，主要用来表示过去，此时不定式动作先于谓语动作发生。

我们来看例题：

1. When he the door，he found his keys were nowhere.

A. would open B. opened C. had open D. was to open

2.―In many developed countries，the elderly have already outnumbered children.

―Yes，and China is reported through a similar process of population aging，and at a faster pace.

A. to go B. to be going C. going D. to have gone

3. I am proud with Tom in 1789.

A. having sailing B. sailing

C. to have sailed D. to sail

上述三题，第一题答案选D，意思是当他就要开门，钥匙却无处寻了。是过去时间里的“将来”。第二题答案选B。意思是报道的时候，人口老龄化依然在进行中，因此选B比较恰当，如果选D，则说明老龄化进程已经结束，与题意不符。第三题有明显的过去时间，答案可以立即锁定C项。

相较于一般式和进行式，不定式的完成式在高考中出现几率更高，做题时要避免与主句的完成时“重叠”，以下面两例来说明：

4. Some of our industrial products have been said

advanced level.

A. to reach B. to be reaching

C. to have reached D. to have been reaching

5. Some of our industrial products may well be said

advanced level.

A. to reach B. to be reaching

C. to have reached D. to have been reaching

第四题中，主句谓语动作已经使用了完成时have been said，那么此时后续不定式动作部分一般避免再重复使用完成时，因此此题可以立即排除CD两项，而B项正在进行，意思不符，选定答案A项。而同一题稍作变化，即变成第五题，其答案必须选择C项，在这一题中，由于没有完成时重叠的情况，此时只要考虑不定式本身应选择的时态，C项表示产品已经达到很高的水平，符合题意。

英语中，不定式完成时主要有这样四种呈现方式：

第一，在诸如happen，see，appear，prove，pretend，seem等动词后；

第二，在“主语 + be said + to have done/been”的结构中，类似结构有reported/thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等；

第三，在诸如glad，happy，sad，disappointed，satisfied，sorry，surprised等形容词后；

第四，在表虚拟的“be to have done”结构中，以及表示“意图，打算”之意的动词如hope，wish，expect，think，suppose，want，plan，agree，mean，try等用过去时之时，后接不定时完成时做宾语的结构中，此时表达想做而未做的事情，但这种结构更多地用had hoped/expected...等来表达虚拟。例如：They wished to have finished the work in two hours. = They had wished to finish the work in two hours. 均表示结果并未做到。请看例题：

6. I don’t know whether you happen ，but I’m going to study in the USA this September.

A.to be heard B.to be hearing

C.to hear D.to have heard

7. A woman and three children are said in the traffic accident.

A. to be injured B. to have been injured

C. having been injured D. being injured

8. I’m glad a visit to him last week.

A. to pay B. to have paid

C. to be paying D. to have been paid

9.―You should have told her about the meaning of the gesture.

―I meant ，but I had some unexpected guests.

A. to do B. to have C. doing D. doing so

上述四个例题分别对应四种不定式完成时的呈现方式，答案为DBBB，其中最后一题的B选项to have后亦有省略用法，整体表达一种虚拟的情况，符合后半句揭示的含义。

不定式的“三元”时态，整体上不难，但对于其中的完成时则要格外注意，高考的考频还是很高的，考生要养成不定式也要考虑时态意义的习惯。

配套练习

1. He seems deeply，without noticing me pass.

A. to think B. think C. to be thinking D. thinking

2. China is known greatly in terms of its cultural values over the past few years.

A. to change B. having changed

C. changing D. to have changed

3. You can comfort yourself with the thought that you are not the only one in that way？

A. to be suffered B. to have suffered

C. who was suffered D. of those suffered

4. He claimed in the supermarket when he was shopping yesterday.

A. badly treated B. treating badly

C.to have been badly treated D.to treat badly

5. I happened with him when a ball hit him on the head.

A. to be talking B. to have talked

C. to talking D. to talk

6. The factory is said in a fire two years ago.

A. to have been destroyed B. to be destroyed

C. to destroy D. to have destroyed

7. You were silly not to your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked

C. locking D. having locked

8. The young man，whose goal is the game，has been practicing hard these days.

A. having won B. to win C.to have won D. won

9. Who do you think was generally considered

the lamps？

A. inventing B. to invent

C. to have invented D. having invented

10. The accused was reported that he had robbed the old lady of her gold necklace.

A.to admit B.to have admitted

C.to be admitting D. that she had admitted

11. Who would you like to charge of the job？ My teacher said here is the expression――have somebody do something.

A. have take B. have taken C. take D.be taking

12. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market，many state-run companies are striving

their products more competitive.

A. to make B. making

C. to have made D. having made

13. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go B. to have gone

C. going D. having gone

14. It remains whether Jim’ll be fit enough to play in the finals.

A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see

15. The Brazilians are proud of the 31th Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016.

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

16. Judging from his manners at the party，he doesn’t seem much education.

A. to receive B. to be receiving

C. to have received D. to have been received

17. Linda was the experiment a month ago，but she changed her mind at the last minute.

A. having to start B. to have started

C. to start D. to be starting

18. I’m sorry not last weekend.

A. to come B. to have come

C. to be coming D. coming

19. I’d love to the party last night，but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go B. to have gone

C. to going D. to be going

20. The results were to yesterday，but we have heard nothing.

A. announce B. be announcing

C. be announced D. have been announced

参考答案：

1―20 CDBCA ABBCB AABBD CBBBD