巧学妙记“直接引语变间接引语”

直接引语与间接引语是初中生必须掌握的重要语法项目之一,但也是难点之一。许多学生对直接引语和间接引语彼此转换,有一定的困难。下面,就这个问题谈一谈,以便让学生更快、更好地学会二者之间的互化。

一、 直接引语和间接引语的概念：

引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。他们的主要区别是:直接引语需用引号,而间接引语无需用引号,但需用引导词。

eg: Our teacher said， “There are seven days in a week.”（直接引语）

Our teacher told us that there are seven days in a week.（间接引语）

二、 直接引语与间接引语的互相转换：

要把直接引语转换成间接引语,首先必须分清直接引语是什么句式。一般初中阶段需掌握四种句式,即:陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,祈使句。

1. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that引导(that在口语中可以省略)。从句的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等作相应的变化。

1） 人称的变化:一般地第一人称改成第三人称;第二人称有时改成第一人称,有时改成第三人称，第三人称一般不做改变。要根据具体情形而定。

eg: The boy said,“I like the toy plane very much.”

The boy said that he liked the toy plane very much.

2） 时态的变化 :如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态由自身来确定,也就是不受主句时态的限制,即从句中的时态无需变化。而如果主语的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语改成间接引语时,从句的谓语动词要用过去范围内的某种时态,一般地在原有的基础上升一级,如下表:

一般现在时一般过去时

现在进行时过去进行时

现在完成时过去完成时

一般过去时过去将来时

一般将来时过去将来时

eg:（1）Daniel said，“I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”

Daniel said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.

（2） Sandy said,“I’m having my dancing lesson.”

Sandy said that she was having her dancing lesson.

（3） She said， “I haven’t heard from him.”

She said she hadn’t heard from him.

（4） He said， “I was ill.”

He said that he had been ill.

（5） Tom said， “I’ll do it after school.”

Tom said that he would do it after school.

3）指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词的变化。

当然如果是就地转述,那无需把come改成go

eg:（1） He said， “I’ll come here tomorrow.”

He said that he would go there the next day.

（2） Millie said， “I’m listening to music now.”

Millie said that she was listening to music then.

2. 直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导。间接引语同时还原到陈述句语序,句末用句号。其余的变化与陈述句相同。

eg:He asked me，“Do you like playing football？”

He asked me if/whether I liked playing football．

注意一般情况下whether与if可以互换,但在以下几种情况中通常只能用whether,不能用if :1)whether是用在介词的后面; 2)从句中有or not; 3)动词不定式的复合结构,即whether to go而不能if to go。

3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，与一般疑问句所不同的是引导词不同;特殊疑问句变化时由相应的疑问词who，whom，whose，how，when，why，where等引导，从句用陈述句语序。其余的变化相同。

eg:My sister asked me，“How do you like the film？

My sister asked me how I liked the film．

4. 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，不用连词，把动词原形变成动词不定式做宾语补足语，并在动词不定式前加tell，ask，order，warn, advise等。变成tell /ask/order sb. to do sth.的句型。

eg：

The captain ordered．“Be quiet．”The captain ordered us to be quiet．

She said to us,“Please sit down.”She told us to sit down.

小贴示：若作为直接引语的祈使句为否定句，在转换成间接引语时，需在动词不定式前加not。

eg:My teacher asked me．“Don’t laugh．”My teacher asked me not to laugh．

三、现将直接引语―间接引语具体的变化内容用一张表格来帮助学生巧学妙计。

四、 值得注意的几点 :

1. 时态不需要变化的情况：

1） 直接引语有确定的过去时间。

He said，“The storytook place in the 1930.”

He said that the story took place in the 1930s.

间接引语所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续。

The reporter said，“The war in the middle Eastis now stillon.”

The reporter said that the war in the middle East is now still on.

间接引语所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句。

The teacher said,“The earth is round.”

The teacher said (that) the earth is round.

Our English teacher said，“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”

Our English teacher told us that all work no play makes Jack a dull boy.

直接引语中有when, while, since等引导的时间状语从句时，从句的时态不变。

He said，“It is many years since he came to live here.”

He said that it was many years since he came to live here.

5）直接引语如果是过去完成时，变间接引语时，时态不变。

The boy said to his parents,“I had finished my homework before supper.”

The boy told his parents that he had finished his homework before supper.

6）主句的时态如果是一般现在时、现在进行时或者一般将来时，变间接引语时，时态不变。

He often says,“I will never forget that kind woman.”

He often says that he’ll never forget that kind woman.

2.如果所述事情当天转述那变化时无需把today改成that day。

3.如果所述事情当地转述那变化时无需把here改成there。

4. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时，或者已经是过去时了，变间接引语时，可保留原来的形式。

She said,“You ought to have more rest.”

She said I ought to have more rest.

例题解析

1. “Have you ever been to Gulin？”he asked me.（直接引语）

He asked me.（间接引语）

A. had I ever been to Gulin

B. have I ever been to Gulin

C. if I have ever been to Gulin

D. whether I had ever been to Gulin

解题步骤

Ａ. 先看题干，直接引语是一个一般疑问句。根据变化规则，间接引语需是一个“if / whether +一个陈述句”。于是，我们排除A，B.

B. C，D选项的区别为：C选项是现在完成时，D选项是过去完成时。

C.根据间接引语比直接引语退后一个时态的规则，我们选D.

2. “What is the matter with you?”he asked me.（直接引语）

He asked mewith me.（间接引语）

A. what the matter is

B. what the matter was

C. what’s the matter

D. what was the matter

解题步骤

A： 表面上看，直接引语是一个特殊疑问句，间接引语需是特殊疑问词 + 一个陈述句。再结合时态规则，我们很容易选B.

B： 这是错误的。

C： 如果把B选项放到题干中，意思不符。Be with sb.：和某人在一起。而题干的意思是：他问我怎么了。

D： matter with sb.：和某人有关，结合时态。正确的答案是D.这里，what作了主语。

讲后练习

1. She said，“I’ll come here tomorrow.”

She said that she would go there.

A. tomorrow B. next day

C. following day D. the following day

2. He said，“Light travels much faster than sound.”

He said that lightmuch faster than sound.

A. traveled B. travels

C. is traveling D. will travel

3. She said，“Are you interested in English？”

She asked.

A. if I was interested in English

B. if you are interested in English

C. whether I am interested in English

D. Whether you are interested in English

4. She asked me，“ How is everything going？”

She asked me.

A. how is everything going

B. how was everything going

C. how everything was going

D. how everything is going

5. He asked，“Who is going on well with you？”

He asked.

A. who was going on well with me

B. who I was going on well

C. who is going on well with me

D. who I am going on well with

6. ―Go and ask hercome.

―OK.

A. what time would she like to

B. at what time she’d like to

C. when would she like to

D. when she likes

7. Can you make sure？

A. that he will come here today

B. when he will come here today

C. will he come here today

D. whether will he come here today

参考答案 DBACABA

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