掌握“三大”法宝,快解现在完成时

时间:2022-09-07 06:07:36

请同学们先看来自2013年的三道中考题:

1. Miss Lin ______ a lot of work for the poor area since 2010. (2013年北京市)

A. does B. did

C. has done D. will do

2. The highway from Zunyi to Renhuai ______ for about two years. (2013年贵州省遵义市)

A. has opened B. has been open

C. has been opened

3. ―Where’s Mr Green?―He _____ to Changsha. (2013年湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州)

A. have been B. has gone

C. has been

分析:上面的几道中考题均是在考查同学们对现在完成时用法的掌握情况,答案分别是:1. C; 2. B; 3. B。

英语中, 现在完成时态是初中生必须掌握的重点语法之一,也是中考命题的必考点之一。不少中学生在学习这一时态时经常弄混,其实,该时态的掌握并不难,三大法宝来帮你。

第一:准确区分现在完成时与一般过去时

1. 涵义不同。 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态;一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。例如:

My brother has cleaned his bedroom. 我弟弟打扫了他的卧室(我弟弟的卧室很干净)。

My brother cleaned his bedroom a moment ago. 我弟弟刚才打扫了他的卧室(只说明刚才我弟弟打扫了他的卧室,不涉及到现在的情况)。

2. 谓语结构不同。 现在完成时由“助动词have (has) + 过去分词”构成;一般过去时由“was (were)...”或“行为动词的过去式”构成。例如:

I have already taught English for over twenty years. 我教英语已经二十多年了。

He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里的。

Father arrived in Beijing at eight yesterday evening. 父亲是昨天晚上8点钟到达北京的。

3. 时间状语不同。 现在完成时常与already, just, ever, never, yet, before, since..., for...等时间状语连用;一般过去时常和yesterday, last night, in 2013, two weeks ago等表示过去的时间状语连用。 例如:

I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。

The visitors have been here since two days ago. 游客们两天前就在这里。

The visitors came here two days ago. 游客们是两天前来这里的。

4. 所用动词不同。 现在完成时还可以表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和表示一段时间的状语连用,这时谓语动词要用“延续性”的,而不用“短暂性”的;一般过去时则没有这种限制。 试体会:

他离开家乡已二十年了。

[误] He has left his hometown since twenty years ago.

[正] He left his hometown twenty years ago.

[正] He has been away from his hometown since twenty years ago.

第二: 牢记have(has) gone to, have(has) been to与have (has) been in的区别

1. “have (has) been in + 地点名词”表示“已在某地”或“在某地呆过”,其后常与for, since等表示一段时间的状语或从句连用。例如:

The twins can speak good Chinese because they have been in China for five years. 这双胞胎能说一口流利的汉语,因为他们在中国五年了。

2. “have (has) gone to + 地点名词”表示“已去某地”,也许已到达目的地,也许还在途中,重点表达不在说话时的所在地。例如:

―Where is Tom? ――汤姆在哪儿?

―He has gone to Nanchang. ――他去南昌了。

3. “have (has) been to + 地点名词”表示“去过某地”,指某人曾经去过某地,现在已经返回。注意:have (has) gone和have (has) been后接地点副词(如here, there, home等)时,则不需要用介词to。 例如:

How nice you’ve come! We’ve waited for you about twenty minutes! Where have you been, Mike? 你回来了真好!我们等了你大约二十分钟了,汤姆,你去哪儿了?

第三:注意短暂性动词在现在完成时中的正确使用

begin, start, buy, borrow, join, finish, die等动词其动作的开始与结束都在很短的时间内完成,即它们所表示的动作刚一发生便停止了。因此,这些动词都称为短暂性动词(或终止性动词)。该类动词可以用于现在完成时,但在用法上有两点值得我们注意:

1. 在现在完成时的肯定句中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:

他的祖父已去世九年了。

误:His grandfather has died for nine years.

析:上句中的die为短暂性动词,在现在完成时中不能和表示一段时间的状语如for nine years, since 2013, since nine years ago等连用。正确的翻译有以下四种:

①用表示持续状态的相应延续性动词来替换句中的短暂性动词。

正:His grandfather has been dead for nine years.

以下是初中阶段常见短暂性动词转换为延续性动词的表达法:

②改用“It is + 一段时间 + since...”句型来表示。例如:

正:It’s nine years since his grandfather died.

【温馨提示】在该句型中,主句须用现在时态,since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。上句还可译为:

正:It has been nine years since his grandfather died.

③把误句中表示一段时间的状语改成表示过去时间的状语,同时把现在完成时改为过去时。例如:

正:His grandfather died nine years ago.

④改用“一段时间 + has passed since ...”句型来表示。例如:

正:Nine years has passed since his grandfather died.

2. 短暂性动词现在完成时的否定式已成为一种可以延续的状态,因此,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:

Jim hasn’t heard from his parents for four months. 吉姆已有四个月没收到父母的来信了。

The old man hasn’t left here since 2000. 自从2000年以来,那个老人一直没有离开过这儿。

【学以致用】

1. ―Do you know the movie Lost in Thailand?

―Yes. I ______ it twice. It’s funny. (2013年广西壮族自治区贵港市)

A. saw B. see C. have seen D. will see

2. ―Is Tom at home?

―No, he ______ to town. (2013年天津市)

A. has been B. has gone C. goes D. will go

3. ―Are you a basketball player in your class?

―Yes. I ________ the team last year. I _______ in the team for one year.(2013年湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州)

A. have joined; have been B. joined; was

C. joined; have been

4. The Dongying-Hainan airline ________ for about 5 months. I have taken the flights three times. (2013年山东省东营市)

A. is open B. has opened

C. has been open D. has been opened

5. Jackson _______ school two years ago and he _______ for two years. (2013年新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市)

A. leaves; has gone B. left; has been away

C. leaves; has been away D. left; has gone

6. Great changes ________ in Daqing since the 1990s. (2013年黑龙江省大庆市)

A. took place B. were taken place

C. have taken place D. have been taken place

7. ―______ your son ______ a camera?

―No. He ______ one this summer vacation. (2013年山东省威海市)

A. Has... bought; will buy B. Did... buy; bought

C. Does... buy; bought D. Does... buy; will buy

8. ―Look at these stamps. I ________ them for five years.

―Wow, they are wonderful. (2013年湖南省衡阳市)

A. kept B. have kept

C. have bought

9. ―I’d like you to tell me something about Shen Nongjia.

―I’m sorry, but neither Jack nor I ____ there. (2013年湖北省孝感市)

A. have been B. had been

C. have gone D. has gone

10. Your foreign teacher Miss Smith ______ us English since five years ago.(2013年新疆维吾尔自治区)

A. taught B. in teaching

C. has taught D. teaches

Keys: 1-5 CBCCB 6-10 CABAC

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