刍议英语中的平行结构准则

摘 要：平行结构准则要求：同等重要的、并列的成分（思想、概念）要用同类的语法结构形式来表现。

关键词：平行结构 并列连词

中图分类号：G633.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-9795（2014）02（c）-0178-01

平行结构准则是英语修辞学中的统一性（Umity）中的一项，是英语高考作文中最为常见的表现手段。平行结构准则的准确把握对于阅读、写作将产生积极的影响。

平行结构准则要求：同等重要的、并列的成分（思想、概念）要用同类的语法结构形式来表现。最为常见的语法形式莫过于并列连词和介词短语instead of了。它们所连接的部分应该是对等的―― 名词对名词，动词对动词，副词对副词，形容词对形容词，分词对分词，不定式对不定式，句子对句子，切忌把同一结构中的一个概念用一种形式来表现而把另外的概念用其他形式来表达。

笔者把在教学过程中发现的主要并列连词和instead of的用法推介给英语教学者，以期抛砖引玉。

1 主要并列连词及其用法

1.1 And类并列连词

And类并列连词主要有and，both…and，and…as well，as well as，either…or，nether…nor，not only…but also.例如：

The girls came over talking and laughing.（现在分词）

Therefore ，Work involves both force and distance.（名词）（1）

His speech is both instructive and interesting.（形容词）

We shall travel by night as well as by day.（介词短语）

In my opinion ，he was to blame as well as she was（主谓）

Neither can theory do without practice，nor can practice do without theory（动词）

The students in the night school have classesnot only in the evening but also on Sunday（介词短语）

1.2 OR类并列连词

OR类开列连词主要有or，either…or，whether…or，whether…or，这类连词主要表示选择。

You can go there by bus or by bike.（介词短语）

In the evening we often watch TV or listen to news broadcasts.（动词）

You may come here，or you just sait for me at home.（句子）（2）

He’ll ask either Comrade Li or Comrade Liu for help.（名词）

There are only two choices；either you take it or you don’t.（句子）

Whether I test or not doesn’t matter. （主谓）

His opinion，whether right or wrong，should be taken into consideration.（形容词）

1.3 But类并列连词

But类并列连词主要有but，however，thoug.等。

He is young but capable.（形容词）

The material is too easy for reading but can be used as dictation material.（动词）

He was criticized，but he was never disheartened.（句子）

The room is small，thoug very cosy.（句子）

1.4 其它并列连词

Rather than，more…than不便归入And类，OR类和But类，只好另立。它们的意思是“与其说是……还不如说是……”，“不是……而是……”

Tom ought to go rather than Mary.（名词）

He did the work by himself rather than ask others for help.（后面的动词不用to，用动词原形）

The British fleet is the instrument of policy rather than of diplomacy.（介词短语）

He prefers to work rather than remain idle.（后面的动词之前不用to，用原形）

He came to see me rather than I went to see him.（句子）

2 instead of

介词短语instead of也起着并列的作用，意为“不是……而是……”，后面可以跟名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词等，如：

As she was ill，he went to the meeting instead of her.（代词）

It has become larger instead of smaller.（形容词）

Price rose quickly instead of slowly.（副词）

He went to the park on foot instead of by bus.（介词短语）

He stayed at home instead of going to work.（动词）

His words decreased instead of increased her courage.（动词谓语）

3 形容词比较级，也可起平行的作用，如

It’s better to do well than to say well.（不定式）

Better early than late.（副词）

You’d better go home than stay here.（动词，用原形）

This is more apparent than real.

It was his tone more than what he actually said that discouraged me.

He cannot bear spders，but puts them out of the doors sooner than kill them.（谓语动词）

参考文献

[1] 徐广联主编.大学英语语法讲座与测试[M].东南大学出版社.

[2] 徐广联.英语疑难用法精华[M].第二军医大学出版社.