Application of new materials in sports equipment design

（Department of physical education,Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000）

Abstract. In order to construct a "resource-saving, environmentally-friendly" society, truly ensure sustainable development and promote green sports, applying design new materials for sports equipment is undoubtedly is an effective and economical way to protect the environment. This paper focuses on the performance of new materials and analyzes its application in sports equipment design. This paper mainly discusses the advantages of the application of new materials in sports equipment and gives an application instance. Finally the research status of the high-tech materials at home and abroad is summarized.

Key words: New materials; sports equipment; design; application

1. The relationship between high-tech materials

and athletic sports

The use of new materials in the game equipment is the urgent requirement for the development of competitive sports. The rapid change of the development of the competitive sports and the competition of high strength, high level and high consumption of athletes force people to improve the technique of the standards, and the high level technical action must have the appropriate conditions for its completion, which has forced people to continue to seek new materials instead of the old apparatus and materials and improve its performance to adapt to the equipment requirements on the new technical moves. For example, in gymnastics uneven bars use the traditional inner steel core, outsourcing wood bonding structure material. The stiffness and strength are general. The bar surface with wood handle layer is used for decades with athletes, but with the rapid development of the women's uneven bar's movement, high, difficult, new and large amplitude jumps make the old structure of the uneven bar's surface difficult to meet the new requirements new technology of instruments proposes: such as high flexibility, high toughness and high return elastic. In order to meet the development of gymnastics career, people will use new materials to develop a new type of the uneven bars. It is made of glass steel wood composite materials. Bar surface uses glass cloth as the reinforcing material to roll into, and in the oval section of glass steel hollow, outsource 1mm thick wood as the layer. The glass steel has excellent wood bar surface properties, and it is far superior to the traditional steel and wood structure bar surface in elasticity, toughness and elasticity. Therefore, the development of the sports level requires the application of new materials, and the application of the new materials is to ensure the rapid development of the level of sports competition.

2. New materials applied in the ski field

Before the nineteen sixties, the ski mainly uses the synthetic fiber board to manufacture, but the material slide vibration, affecting the taxiing performance. In the 1960 Olympic Winter Games, the French players used skis made of artificial materials, and won the championship. This caused the sports scientists’ great interest in making ski. After the 70s, with the development of material science, scientists have developed a new material for a molecular polyethylene in skiing board manufacturing. The skis made of this material do not sell water, greatly improving the taxiing performance. In recent years, materials experts developed a conductive ski. It can effectively prevent impurities electrostatic adsorption process of snow skiing, thereby improving the taxiing performance. In addition, experts are still applying glass fiber and carbon fiber in the interior structure of the ski, which further improved the taxiing performance of the skis. On this basis, in order to improve the bending strength and impact strength, scientists have successfully exploited epoxy polyamide fiber and carbon fiber resin as the materials, and use pultrusion and filament winding process, developed a new ski of high strength, strong impact strength, and bending strength.

3. The application of new materials in a tennis racket and a baseball bat

The earliest tennis racket was all wooden structure, and then used a metal frame of the racket. With the development of science and technology, great changes have happened in bat and bat performance. At present, the world makes glass fiber reinforced nylon racket. This racket is much better than the wooden racket and the racket with metal frame in terms of weight, strength and feeling of performance and other aspects. The United States of America Otto company produced tennis rackets using polyester amide block, which reduce the vibration between the frame and the handle core, and the use effect is very good. Now, the quality of a baseball bat is very high. The General Electric Company of the United States of America produced a baseball bat using a graphite fiber reinforced polycarbonate and polyester mixture. When hitting, this material sounds like wood, but the weight of it is like the aluminum. The bar is filled with urethane, which is used to adjust the batting position and size. The baseball bat made of this material is more flexible and accurate with the ball.

4. The application of new materials in sports clothing

4-1. Sportswear with "breathing" function

The sportswear uses nylon taffeta with amino acid polymer. It has high waterproof and windproof performance, but its air permeability is 2 times of the general fabric, because the amino acid polymer is one component of human skin eggs, so it has a similar "breathing" absorbent and the function of putting the wet.

4-2. The sportswear which can automatically adjust the temperature

At present, the abroad uses the new fabric with a weather memory polymer coated nylon or polyester: in hot weather the fiber will automatically open to let the sweat from; and when the weather is cold, the fiber will automatically shut down to produce the heat preservation effect. The secret of making this new fabric is the weather memory polymer. The polymer is divided into product and amorphous body. When the temperature is below 25 ℃, the molecule will shrink with the intermolecular distance shortened, thus playing a role in warmth. Nylon and polyester fiber was coated with the polymer with the thickness only 5-lON/m. Sportswear made of this fabric can rapidly absorb sweat and sweat evaporation, which will not stick to the skin, and the temperature can be adjusted automatically to the athletes. In addition, particularly good new fiber material crystal plasticity is used. Through special processing, it can change with temperature with the effective storage or release energy. When the ambient temperature rises, the product will absorb energy; and when the temperature decreases, it will put the energy released. All the year round sports clothes made of this material feel comfortable for the athletes.

4-3. Swimsuit with "zero resistance"

In 1974, the DuPont Co of the United States invented a bidirectional stretching polyurethane fiber. Japan used this technology and launched polyurethane fiber swimsuit without rubber layer, and the two directions are flexible, which effectively prevent the swimsuit elongation from the slit flow of people too much water, thus the performance improved rapidly. In the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, this swimsuit which does not contain adhesive made a hit. To the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, the company in the United States of America launched a "Hercules" swimsuit, which used ultra-fine nylon fiber and polyurethane fiber woven fiber, 50 times thinner than a human hair. The whole suit weighs only 15g to 20g, and the smoothness and scalability of this suit are twice more than before, and water resistance is reduced by 10% than the past swimsuit. The United States team made a "historic breakthrough" good result using this new suit. In the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, "shark skin swimsuit" is also making a hit. The coverage area of the swimsuit is large, and the swimsuit texture looks as smooth as the turtle skin by special treatment. The water resistance is reduced by 7.5% than ordinary swimsuit, which can improve the score by 3%.

5. The application of new materials in the pole vault

At the beginning, pole vault used the wood. Because the wood is hard and brittle, the effect was not ideal. Then it started with bamboo, and bamboo had both elastic and relatively light, it greatly improved the performance. After the Second World War, Europe and the United States developed a lightweight alloy pole, with which the performance was brought forward by 4.77m. In the nineteen fifties, metal rod ruled all the land. But what makes the record grow is glass fiber rod pole. When the glass fiber and organic tree fat bond, through a variety of processing glass fiber rod is made of, which bears high strength, good elasticity, light weight and durability. This so-called "glass steel pole" plays the role of energy conversion at the end of the run-up in the inclined hole. In 1960, using the United States of America's glass rod the athlete flew over the 4.98m, breaking the theory of human physical strength which cannot exceed the 4.87m limit. In 1985, the former Soviet Union's Bubka glass rod broke 6.00m mark, and set a world record of 6.10m.

6. The main properties and functions of material used in sports equipment

The most widely used material in sports equipment is the model of plasticity and high-tech composite materials. Plastic is one or more polymers in combination with other materials and the formation of the polymer. It has the characteristics of light weight, high strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and especially low price. Its application in sports equipment has two kinds of forms in general. One is that it is not in a single plastic form, but joins other materials to produce soft plastic products of various shapes. Its nature and characteristics have the significance beyond the usual plastic. Such as graphite fiber reinforced plastics, glass fiber reinforced plastic. The two are made of special plastic identity which is directly used in sports equipment. Such as the thermal tensile resistance of super plastic "Kevlar" is light in weight and the strength and alloy steel approach to "Delrinst" plastic. Composite materials are sports equipment manufacturing material subject at present and in the future. The composite material is a special material made of materials of two kinds of different materials, which overcome some weaknesses of a single material. Its composition material advantages improve the comprehensive properties of materials. Any kind of composite materials is composed of a matrix and reinforcing agent. In sports equipment manufacturing, what is the most widely used enhancers is the carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid fiber, ceramic fiber reinforced resin matrix and graphite fiber. What is the most widely used is the epoxy resin and polyester resin. The composite material is the most widely used carbon -- carbon composite materials and hybrid composites. The hybrid composite material is composed of two or more types of fibers in a matrix form. It has certain performance superior to ordinary composite. Such as low density, strength, hardness, fatigue limit equilibrium, good toughness and low cost, especially the use of the hybrid composite agent with the cooperation of the polymer fiber and aromatic polyamide glass or carbon fiber node is the most widely.

7. The advantages of using new materials

in the production process

Performance requirements for a variety of sports equipment materials are not the same. It must consider the stiffness, strength, size and weight constraints, dynamic performance and technical parameters. To the traditional steel, wood structure materials as the body, no material can meet the performance requirements. But in the new materials, especially the hybrid composites can easily meet the requirements in the process structure of light, thin, short, small and artful requirements. In the process of the production it is simpler than specific traditional process. A general instrument can be made from the mold. It can be seen through the production process of a tennis racket. The first intermediate polyurethane foam strips are inserted into the hollow carbon fiber fabric, after flat knitting fabric, the fittings with thermal curing epoxy resin impregnation, drying, curing, and then put into the mold heating into the rocket shape, to be finally finished the curing. The most meaningful aspect of the use of new materials in the production of sports equipment is to reduce the weight, improve weight distribution and shape modification. From the mechanical properties, if the weight proportion of a baseball, tennis rackets, golf clubs and other equipment larger focuses on the head and the upper shaft or instrument is light and rigid, then the player holding the above-mentioned instruments swings up quickly, and the impact impulse will be more. In fact, the use of high-tech material completely can achieve this point. But the traditional structural materials with uniform texture and weight balance are unable to achieve this point, because in order to reduce the weight or weight distribution, we must fine instrument and the rigidity, strength and toughness of the delicate instruments will be lost.

8. Application trend of new materials in sports equipment

New materials continue to emerge, and they will continue to be applied to the manufacture of sports equipment. The trend is as follows: (1) With the improvement of manufacturing technology and production equipment, the cost of the equipment will be reduced, and new materials will spread and gain popularization. (2) The use of new materials in sports is part of the project, and many projects in the future will be to help athletes improve the performance using new materials. (3) The latest model of aerospace materials is expected to be widely used to produce sports equipment in the next 5 to 10 years.

9. Conclusion

The field of high-tech materials used in sports is wide. It can not only make the sports competition more intense, improve sports grade, but also enrich the content of national fitness movement, speed up the popularization and promotion of national fitness movement. The use of new materials in sports is the need of development of sports, and sports development in turn will force people to explore the use of new materials, research and summarize the relationship between development of high-tech materials and sports, in order to further improve the use of new materials in the sports function and improve the ability of sports workers applying new materials. It is believed that with the gradual development and mature of the discipline of physical materials, it will occupy an important a space in the history of the development of sports.

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