关于英语词典,你不知道的那些事

时间:2022-07-26 12:44:55

关于英语词典,你不知道的那些事

At first glance, the dictionary seems pretty straightforward1). Words are listed alphabetically, and you simply locate the right page and scan until you find the word you're looking for. But there's a lot you might not know about the dictionary. Read on to discover several things you might not know about various dictionaries.

乍一看,英Z词典似乎很简单。单词都是按照字母顺序编排的,你只需翻到正确的那一页浏览一下,直到找到你要查的那个单词即可。不过,关于词典你可能还有很多方面并不了解。往下读,去了解一下关于各式各样的词典你可能并不知道的那些事儿吧。

It takes a lot of work to

add a new word.

When people use a word or phrase frequently enough that it appears in widely read print and online publications, lexicographers2) take notice. First, they collect citations3) of the word, documenting the source it appeared in and recording its contextual4) meaning. Then, lexicographers conduct database research, searching for evidence that people from diverse backgrounds have used the word over a period of time. Finally, dictionary editors review the evidence and decide whether or not to include the new word in an upcoming edition of the dictionary. Thanks to this lengthy process, you can now find modern words such as manspread5) and athleisure6) in several dictionaries.

1

收录一个新词

颇费周章。

当人们频频使用一个单词或短语,频繁到它出现在有众多读者阅读的纸质及网络出版物中时,词典编纂者就会注意到它。首先,他们会收集含有这个单词的引文,记录其出处以及它在上下文中的含义。接下来,词典编纂者会进行数据库研究,搜寻不同背景的人群在一段时间内都使用过该词的证据。最后,词典编辑会对这些证据进行审查,决定是否将这个新单词收录进即将出版的新一版词典中。幸好有这一漫长的过程,如今你才能在一些词典中看到诸如manspread (大爷式占座)和athleisure (运动休闲风)这类新潮的单词。

Culture

文化点滴

The first English dictionaries

only included difficult words.

We think of dictionaries as comprehensive large heavy books containing everything from antelope to zeitgeist7), but early English dictionaries didn't contain any simple, common words. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thanks in part to the Renaissance's8) influence, English doubled its vocabulary by incorporating words from other languages. People needed to consult9) word lists to look up these new, difficult words that they hadn't heard before. In 1604, a teacher named Robert Cawdrey compiled a list of words into A Table Alphabeticall, which defined difficult English words borrowed from Latin, Greek, French and Hebrew. Throughout the 17th century, other English men published lists of hard words with easy-to-understand definitions, and people turned to the dictionary to learn these words.

Noah Webster10) learned 26

languages to write his dictionary.

Although Noah Webster wasn't the first American to produce a dictionary, his name has become synonymous11) with the American dictionary. Hoping to help create a uniquely American lexicon12), with Americanized spelling and pronunciation of words, Webster wrote An American Dictionary of the English Language. To thoroughly research word origins and sources, Webster got serious about becoming an etymology13) expert. He learned 26 languages, including Sanskrit14) and Old English, to write his dictionary. Published in 1828, it contained 70,000 entries15) and included the first definitions of "American" words such as chowder16).

The first Merriam-Webster

Dictionary cost six dollars.

After Webster died in 1843, George and Charles Merriam bought the rights to revise Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language, Corrected and Enlarged. The two brothers printed and sold books in Springfield, Massachusetts, and their intellectual property purchase paid off. In the fall of 1847, the Merriams issued the first revised Webster dictionary for six dollars. The book sold well, and the G. & C. Merriam Co. was eventually renamed Merriam-Webster, Inc. in 1982. Merriam-Webster continues to publish popular print and electronic dictionaries today.

最早的英Z词典

只收录难词。

我们认为词典是综合性的大部头书,收录的单词从antelope (羚羊)到zeitgeist (时代精神),无所不包,但早期的英语词典并不包含任何简单、常见的单词。在16和17世纪,部分上由于文艺复兴的影响,英语吸收了其他语言的单词,词汇量翻了一番。人们需要查阅词汇表来找这些他们此前没有听说过的新的难词。1604年,一位名叫罗伯特・考德里的教师编制了一个词汇表,《按字母顺序编排的词汇表》这本词典由此诞生,该词典对从拉丁语、希腊语、法语和希伯来语借用的英语难词的含义进行了解释。在整个17世纪,又有另外几位英国人出版了释义易懂的难词词汇表,人们便求助于词典来学习这些词语。

诺亚・韦伯斯特为编纂自己的

词典学了26种语言。

虽然诺亚・韦伯斯特并不是最早编写词典的美国人,但他的名字却已成为美式英语词典的代名词。韦伯斯特希望能为编出一部独具美国特色的英语词典(即单词的拼写和发音都是美式的)贡献自己的力量,于是编写了《美式英语词典》。为彻底研究单词的起源及出处,韦伯斯特认真地当起了词源学专家。为编写这部词典,他学了26门语言,包括梵语和古英语。这部词典于1828年出版,共收录了70000个词条,并率先对一些“美国特色”词汇进行了解释,比如chowder (海鲜杂烩浓汤)。

《韦氏词典》

首版定价六美元。

1843年韦伯斯特去世之后,乔治・梅里亚姆和查尔斯・梅里亚姆买下了韦伯斯特《美式英语词典(增订版)》的修订权。这对兄弟在马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德市印刷、销售图书,他们的这笔知识产权买卖获得了回报。1847年秋,梅里亚姆兄弟发行了韦氏词典修订本第一版,售价六美元,销量不错。梅里亚姆兄弟公司最后于1982年更名为梅里亚姆-韦伯斯特公司,该公司今天依然在出版各式广受欢迎的纸质及电子词典。

《牛津英语词典》的

编写耗时近50年。

1857年,伦敦语言学会首先呼吁编写一部包含12世纪以来所有词汇的英语大词典。1879年,伦敦语言学会与牛津大学出版社携手合作,编写工作启动。1884年,牛津大学出版社出版了这部词典的第一卷(包含从A到Ant的词汇),最终卷也于1928年出版完成。这部词典当时被称为《按历史发展原则编排的新英语词典》,收录了40多万个单词和短语。如今,《牛津英语词典》是最权威、使用最广泛的词典之一。

《牛津英语词典》

需要你的帮助。

尽管《牛津英语词典》被许多学者奉为最权威的词典,但它仍然需要你的帮助。词典编辑们无时无刻不在研究某些单词和短语的演进史,而“The OED Appeals”项目则让公众可以(通过留言栏)提交关于某些单词最早记录的证据。所以,如果你有什么旧书或旧杂志中提到了某个奇怪的词,不妨告诉《牛津英语词典》的编辑们,没准你就会在词典的下一版中看到自己贡献的内容哦。

5

6

7. zeitgeist [?za?ta?st] n. 时代精神,时代思潮

8. Renaissance [r??ne?sns] n. (欧洲14~16世纪的)文艺复兴;文艺复兴时期

9. consult [k?n?s?lt] vt. 查阅;查看

10. Noah Webster: 诺亚・韦伯斯特(1758~1843),美国词典编纂家、教材编写先驱、英语拼写改革者、政论作者、编辑、作家,被誉为“美国学术及教育之父”。1828年,韦伯斯特所著的《美式英语词典》出版,是一系列韦氏词典(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)的前身。

11. synonymous [s??n?n?m?s] adj. 同义的;等同于……的

12. lexicon [?leks?k?n] n. 词典,字典

13. etymology [?et??m?l?d?i] n. ~源学

14. Sanskrit [?s?nskr?t] n. 梵语

15. entry [?entri] n. (词典等的)词条;条目

16. chowder [?t?a?d?(r)] n. 海鲜杂烩浓汤(用鱼或蛤和熏肉加洋葱及其他蔬菜制成)

17. philological [?f?l??l?d??kl] adj. 语言学的

18. Historical Principle: 历史发展原则。这种原则按词义发展的先后时间顺序编排词的各个义项。先出现的词义排在后出现的词义前面,每个词义都注明其在文献中最早以及最后出现的年代,展示词义演变的全过程。

19. definitive [d??f?n?t?v] adj. (书籍或表演)最具权威的,最可靠的

20. The OED Appeals: 牛津英语词典官网上发起的一个项目,呼吁公众帮助该词典编辑对某些特定的词语及短语进行寻根溯源,包括探寻其最早出现的时间、用法等。

It took almost 50 years to create the

Oxford English Dictionary.

In 1857, the Philological17) Society of London first called for a comprehensive English language dictionary, including words from the 12th century to the present. In 1879, the Philological Society joined forces with Oxford University Press, and work started. In 1884, Oxford University Press published the first part of the dictionary (A to Ant), and the final volume was published in 1928. Called A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles18), the dictionary listed more than 400,000 words and phrases. Today, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is one of the most respected and widely used dictionaries.

The OED needs

your help.

Although many scholars consider the OED to be the definitive19) authority on dictionaries, the OED needs your help. At any given time, the dictionary's editors are researching the history of certain words and phrases, and The OED Appeals20) allows the public to submit evidence (via the comments section) of the earliest record of certain words. So if you have old books or magazines that mention some weird word, let the OED know. You might just see your contribution in the dictionary's next edition.

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