卵巢癌复发预测研究进展

时间:2022-02-10 05:12:16

卵巢癌复发预测研究进展

[摘要] 卵巢癌死亡率仍居妇科肿瘤之首。治疗后的复发是影响卵巢癌患者存活率的重要因素。有效的复发预测因子的发现与机制研究将为卵巢癌复发控制提供思路,而复发的早期诊断和干预则能够有效延长卵巢癌患者的生存时间。因此首次治疗后有关卵巢癌复发风险的有效预测和复发的早期诊断,已经成为业内关注的热点。本文就该领域的研究进展进行分析和探讨。

[关键词] 卵巢癌;复发预测;复发早期诊断

[中图分类号] R737.31 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2012)04-0029-02

Advances in ovarian cancer recurrence prediction

WU Peng1 ZHENG Zhiguo2

1.Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022,China; 2.Tumor Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China

[Abstract] Ovarian cancer mortality remains head of gynecologic tumor. After treatment of the recurrence in patients with ovarian cancer survival rates are important factors. Effective relapse predictors of discovery and mechanism study for recurrent ovarian cancer control provides train of thought, and the recurrence of early diagnosis and intervention can effectively prolong the survival time of patients with ovarian cancer. Therefore, after first treatment for ovarian cancer recurrence risk effective prediction and early diagnosis of recurrence, the industry has become the focus of attention. In this paper, the research progress of this area are analyzed and discussed.

[Key words] Ovarian cancer; Relapse predicting; Early diagnosis of relapse

卵巢癌死亡率仍居妇科肿瘤之首。尽管卵巢癌治疗方案不断改进,如手术切除范围的扩大,紫杉醇类和铂类药物的联合化疗,但死亡率仍居高不下。据报道ⅢC期患者的五年生存率仅为27%[1]。治疗后的复发是影响卵巢癌患者存活率的重要因素。大多数进展期卵巢癌患者在标准治疗后几个月或几年内会复发,即使首次治疗后完全缓解的患者,仍然有近50%的人会复发[2]。Tanner等[3]研究表明手术和化疗后临床已完全缓解的患者,随访监测显示无症状复发的患者总生存率明显好于有症状复发的患者(71.950.7个月,P=0.004),这就需要早期发现复发患者。近年来各国学者致力于卵巢癌首次治疗后有关复发控制的药物研究,如Pazopanib[4],在实施复发控制前最好能明确哪些卵巢癌患者能从中受益,这需要在卵巢癌标准治疗后对其复发风险进行预测。因而,卵巢癌首次治疗后对其复发的早期诊断和复发风险有效预测已经成为业内关注的热点。本文就该领域的研究进展进行分析和探讨。

1 临床资料与卵巢癌复发风险

基于临床资料的研究显示,卵巢癌的分期、分化程度、CA125值、术后残留肿瘤大小等因素与卵巢癌复发风险明显相关。对于不同期别卵巢癌单独进行研究发现其复发风险因素有所差异,这样更有利于临床管理。Ⅰ期上皮来源的卵巢癌患者,手术时包膜破裂提示复发风险高[5]。对于早期卵巢癌患者,pT1c和pT2a或者低分化等提示其容易复发[6]。而对于早期高危上皮卵巢癌患者(stageⅠ,grade3;stageⅠC,stageⅡ,或者透明细胞癌)、高龄、高期别、低分化和细胞学检查恶性的患者容易复发,总生存率也低[7],同时6次化疗后的CA125水平也与无进展生存时间(PFS)明显相关。当CA125水平≤12 U/mL时,其5年的PFS为83.3%,而CA125>12 U/mL时,其5年的PFS仅为37.5%(P<0.001)[8]。对于Ⅲ期上皮性卵巢癌患者,组织病理类型,术后残留灶大小,患者体力状态(PS)和化疗次数等与其复发风险密切相关。浆液性癌比黏液性或透明细胞癌具有更好的PFS和总生存时间(OS),PS评分为1或2比0患者容易复发,残留灶0.1到1.0 cm或>1.0 cm的患者比仅显微镜下可见残留灶的患者更容易复发[9-10]。多个研究都证实化疗前CA125水平和围手术期的CA125水平,化疗2到3次后CA125水平,化疗期间或化疗后CA125最低浓度,血清CA125半衰期等因素都能较好地预测卵巢癌复发风险[10-12]。

2 肿瘤组织各种分子标志物与卵巢癌复发风险

为了能更精确地预测或早期发现卵巢癌复况,人们还进行了大量的分子水平的研究。这些研究包括不同的分子形式(如蛋白表达水平,mRNA转录水平,DNA甲基化和MicroRNA水平等)。从肿瘤组织中蛋白表达水平分析,Chen等[13]研究发现组织中uPA、CD44和MDR1等蛋白表达情况与卵巢癌复发风险有关,三者同时表达阳性患者容易复发。组织中BubR1蛋白表达阳性也提示复发风险高,其表达阳性和阴性的RFS分别为27和83个月(P<0.001)[14]。另外,组织中MGB-2、Aurora A、Cdc7等蛋白表达阴性患者的复发风险增加,与上述蛋白表达情况相反[15-17]。从肿瘤组织中基因转录水平分析,Sox11基因转录水平升高提示不容易复发,且独立于分期和分级[18]。而KLK6和KLK13转录水平增高的患者却容易复发,而且总生存率也低[19]。另外,基因的不同可变剪切转录产物的功能有明显的差异,而且与肿瘤患者预后相关,如p53 delta表达提示复发风险低,而p53 beta表达却提示复发风险高[20]。从肿瘤组织中基因甲基化情况分析,SFRP1、SFRP2、SOX1和LMX1A的甲基化情况与复发风险和总生存率有关。SFRP1、SFRP2和SOX1中,其中一个基因甲基化就提示容易复发[21]。从肿瘤组织microRNAs水平分析,在进展期卵巢癌患者中,miR-200a、miR-200b和 miR-429的量与复发风险和总生存率有关,它们表达量增加提示不容易复发[22]。而miR-23a、miR-27a和miR-21等高表达却提示容易复发[23]。但是以上与卵巢癌复发风险有关的分子标志物还需要进一步的验证,还应研究它们之间的相互关系或可能的调控机制等。

3 血液各种分子标志物与卵巢癌复发风险

从血液中寻找能够预测或早期发现卵巢癌复发的标志物更具优势。在血液中检测肿瘤标志物的改变,具有简便、快捷、痛苦小及易复查等优点,也没什么副作用,容易为患者接受。并且通过联合多个标志物检测有望提高其灵敏性和特异性。目前研究比较充分的是血清CA125。另外,血清中TIMP-1水平高提示容易复发[24]。对于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期上皮性卵巢癌,术前血红素水平与其复发风险有关,当其值<12 g/dL提示容易复发[25]。但目前还没有找到能有效用于卵巢癌复发风险预测和复发早期诊断的特异性标志物。

4 展望

目前卵巢癌患者治疗后监测主要通过妇科检查,CA-125、B超和CT等检查。常规检查方法难以准确预测或早期发现卵巢癌复发,或对早期复发病变难以做出正确诊断,这也是复发性卵巢癌治疗效果差的主要原因之一。如果在卵巢癌患者首次治疗后准确预测其复发风险,提前干预,或早期(即无症状期)发现肿瘤复发,使患者能尽早得到合理有效的治疗,就能够有效延长患者的生存时间。肿瘤复发的原因主要和肿瘤本身性质、肿瘤治疗效果、肿瘤患者身体状况等因素有关。这也是卵巢癌复发风险预测和复发早期发现的理论依据。

目前研究比较充分的来自临床资料研究,结果显示卵巢癌的分期、分化程度、CA125值、术后残留肿瘤大小等因素与卵巢癌复发风险明显相关。近年来研究发现大量与卵巢癌复发风险有关的分子标志物还需要进一步的验证,且大多集中在肿瘤组织的分子信息。基于血液的分子标志物方便于随访检测等优势,今后应加强从血液中寻找能有效预测卵巢癌复发风险和复发早期诊断的标志物。随着各种复发相关因素的发现与验证,更应加强这些因素作用机制和复发控制等研究,把肿瘤本身性质、肿瘤治疗效果、肿瘤患者身体状况等因素结合起来综合研究。

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(收稿日期:2011-11-23)

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