论文实例:分流分相式气液两相流体流量计

时间:2022-09-30 09:11:40

论文实例:分流分相式气液两相流体流量计

作者简介:王栋,男,1960年02月出生,1995年02月师从于西安交通大学林宗虎教授,于20__年06月获博士学位。摘要

气液两相流是石油、化工、动力等工业领域常见的流动工况,但气液两相流体的流量测量方法却一直是国际上没有很好解决的一个难题。近年来随着现代工程规模的迅速发展,该问题显得更加突出,世界各国都在投入巨资进行开发研究。本学位论文在国家自然科学基金会重大项目(59995460)的资助下,研究探索测量气液两相流体流量的新方法,作者在本论文中发明的测量方法已获得发明专利。

论文首先综述了气液两相流体流量测量方法的现状,根据测量过程中是否对来流进行分离,可以将现有的技术分为分离法和非分离法。传统的分离法采用分离设备将气液混合物分离后再进行测量,具有测量精度较高、测量结果可靠、测量过程不受流型变化的影响等优点。但缺点是分离设备体积庞大价格昂贵,并需建立专门的计量站和测试管线。近年来出现的“粗分离法(partialflowseparation)”通过把来流粗分离为以气相为主和液相为主的两股两相流后再进行测量,虽然在一定程度上能够缩小分离器的体积,并降低两相流流量测量难度,但因未能将气液混合物完全分离,故实际上对提高测量精度的作用是很有限的,况且由于测量仪表的数量增加了一倍,反而有可能使测量精度降低,仪表成本增加。非分离法的主要缺点是,测量仪表和传感器都在两相流中工作,易受两相流的强烈波动性和流型变化等因素的影响,在可靠性、稳定性和测量精度等方面远低于在单相流中的情况,甚至根本就无法正常工作。目前除核磁共振和放射性示踪等技术外,其他的非分离法技术在测量原理上仍缺乏较坚实的理论基础。迄今还没有一种两相流量计能够达到公认的商用标准:测量误差小于5,测量结果不受流型影响,并能长期在各种工程环境下工作。核磁共振和放射性示踪等技术虽很有希望,但由于这类测量设备过于昂贵(几十万到上百万美元),因而很难在工程中广泛应用。

本文提出的测量方法简称分流分相法。这种测量方法在测量原理上突破了现有的气液两相流体流量测量模式(即分离法与非分离法),其具体过程为,首先通过一种分配器从被测两相流体中成比例地分流出一部分(5~20)气液混合物,接着使用一小型分离器将这股两相流分离成单相气体和液体,然后分别用单相流量计测量出气相和液相流量并根据比例关系将测量值换算成被测两相流体的流量,最后再分别将这部分气体和液体返回被测两相流中。与传统的分离法相比,由于进行了分流,分离器的负荷仅为原来的5~20,因而体积可以比原来全部分离时缩小5~20倍,基本上接近于一个普通单相流量计的体积。与其他各种非分离法相比,测量仪表都在单相流中工作,测量结果不受两相流的波动性和流型变化的影响。因而在测量精度、可靠性以及测量范围等方面都远优于各种非分离式仪表。

如何实现“成比例”地分流,保证分流出的流体流量与被测两相流体流量之间具有稳定和确定的比例关系(即分流系数),是本文研究的主要内容。如何构造能“成比例”地分流的分配器是论文要解决的关键问题。作者共探索研究了以下4种基本类型的分流分相式两相流体流量计:

1.三通型。首先从三通管入手进行探索,利用T-型三通的相分离特性从被测两相流中分流分离出一股单相气流,通过测量这部分单相气体的流量来确定被测两相流体的流量和干度。三通管既是分配器同时又起分离器的作用。在大量实验观测的基础上建立了分流体回路和主流体回路的基本方程式,并推导了分流系数的计算式,证明这种分流分相式两相流体流量计的分流系数与干度成线性关系而不是一个常数,根据得到的气体流量测量值可以确定流量和干度中的一个参数,另一个参数需用其他方法来确定,即这种流量计属于一种单参数两相流量计。

2.取样管型。应用取样管作为分配器来进行分流。系统地测试了传统取样管的分流特性,在此基础上对其进行了改造,增加了混合器,改端口形状为“S”型,从而使分流系数能在一个较宽的范围内保持稳定。

3.转鼓型。为从根本上克服流型变化对分流的影响,在分流原理上突破了从“空间”上进行分流的现有模式,首次探索通过“分时”的方法进行分流,即通过分配来流分别流向分流体回路和主流体回路的“时间”来实现精确分流。这样不论来流的流型如何变化,两回路的流量大小只取决于所分配的时间长短,而与流型无关。由于分流时间是很容易控制的,从而能比较容易地保证分流系数在各种情况下都保持稳定。作者首创的转鼓分配器就是这样一种基于分时原理的分配器。分配器由壳体和转鼓两部分组成,壳体除用来支撑转鼓外,本身不含任何可动部件。转鼓的外型为圆柱体,内部均匀对称地分隔为若干互不相通的通道。沿转鼓轴线方向,通道呈螺旋型走向。各个通道的出口大都通向转鼓下游的两相流体管道(主流体回路),只有少数几个通道作为分流通道通向了分离器(分流体回路)。当两相流体流过转鼓时,就会冲击转鼓高速旋转。随着转鼓的旋转,各通道的入口端面不断地掠过管道流通截面上的每一点,使每一点上的两相流体都能机会均等地流入每一个通道。在一个旋转周期内,流通截面上各点的两相流体流入每一通道的时间均相等,这等价于来流以相等的时间份额分别依次流向了各个通道。这样,来流流向分离器(分流体回路)的时间份额,就与转鼓中通向分离器的通道数(分流通道数)成正比,而与两相流的流型无关,分流系数保持为常数。论文中已给出了简明的理论证明和实验验证。

4.旋流型。与转鼓型分配器相反,旋流型分配器内不含任何运动部件,而是通过几组形状不同的叶栅让两相流体本身做特定的流动来实现两相流体在一个多通道元件内的均匀分配。该多通道元件的通道出口大都通向分配器下游的两相流体管道,只有少数几个通道作为分流通道通向了分离器。这样,流向分离器的流量,仅仅取决于通向分离器的通道数(分流通道数),而与两相流体的流型和其他因素基本无关,也就是说分流系数为常数。这是一种非常适合于工程应用的分配器。

在空气—水实验台上,对上述4种形式的分流分相式气液两相流体流量计进行了实验研究。实验管道内径为30毫米,水平放置。实验压力温度接近于常温常压。空气折算流速范围为4~40m/s,水折算流速范围为0~0.28m/s。实验中出现的流型包括分层流、波状分层流和环状流。实验结果表明,上述四种流量计都具有稳定的或变化规律确定的分流系数。流量计工作平稳,测量范围广,测量精度高。平均误差小于5,最好的结果可以达到3以内。

分流分相法是本论文首创的完全具有中国知识产权的气液两相流体流量测量方法,它为解决工业领域内的气液两相流体流量测量问题提供了一条新的途径。通过分流使分离器的体积成倍地缩小,通过分相把两相流体的流量测量转化成了单相流体的流量测量,通过采用合理的分配器,可以获得稳定的分流系数值,从而使气液两相流体的流量测量精度有可能接近甚至达到单相流的水平。其成本约为3万元人民币,而一台与其测量精度接近的核磁共振两相流量计的造价高达几十万美元。因而本方法使气液两相流体流量计有可能象单相流量计一样低成本地批量生产和广泛应用。

关键词:流量计两相流分流分相

Gas-liquidTwo-phaseFlowmeters

withExtractingandSeparatingMethod

ATRACT

Gas-liquidtwo-phaseflowsarecommoninthepetroleum、chemicalandpowerindustries,butthemeasurementoftheirflowratearestilladif ficultprobleminengineering.Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofmodernengineeringproject,thisproblembecomemoreurgenttosolve,agreatdealofinvestmentsthroughouttheworldhavebeenmadetodevelopthiskindofflowrateitruments.Theobjectiveofthisthesis,financiallysuortedbytheNationalNaturalSciencefoundationofChinakeyproject(59995460),istoresearchanddevelopnewmeasurementmethodsoftwo-phaseflow,andthemethodsinventedinthispaperhavebeengrantedtobeChinesepatents.

Inthefirstpartofthethesis,areviewofthepriorartsoftwophaseflowmeasurementwasmade,andtheseartscanbeclaifiedasseparationmethodandNon-separatingmethod,dependingonwhetherthetwophasemixtureisseparatedintheproceofmeasurement.Intraditionalseparationmethod,alargeseparatorisalwaysemployedtoseparatethegas-liquidmixturefirst,andthenmetertheflowrateofeachphasewithconventionalsinglephaseflowmeters.Thissolutionoffersdefiniteadvantages,suchasmeteringreliabilityandflowregimeindependent.Usuallytheseparationequipmentisverylargeandexpeive,andsomeecialpipelinesandmeteringstatioalsohavetobebuilt.Thepartialflowseparationmethod,developedinrecentyears,partiallyseparatethetwophasemixtureintopredominantlyliquidandpredominantlygasstreamsbeforemeasuringwithtwo-phaseflowmeters.Althoughtheseparatorcanbereducedinsizeandeachflowstreamonlyneedstobemeasuredoveralimitedrangeofcomponentfraction,theimprovementinmeasurementprecisionislimitedandthecostofflowmetermayincrease,forthereasonthatthegas-liquidmixtureisnotfullyseparated,andthenumberofseorsanditrumentsneededisdoubled.ThemajordisadvantagesofNon-separatingmethodlieinthefactsthatalltheseorsanditrumentsaredirectlydiosedtothetwo-phaseflow,althoughsomeofthemarenon-intrusive.Theviolentfluctuatioandflowpatternchangesoftwophaseflowwillmaketheseorsanditrumentsbefarlestable、reliableandprecisethanthatinsinglephaseflow,andevencannotworkatall.ExceptforNuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)andRadiotypetechniquessuchasA(pulsedneutronactivation),othernon-separatingmetersarelackofreasonabletheoreticalfoundatio.Sofar,noneoftwo-phaseflowmeterscanmeetthecommercialstand:measuringerrorlethan±5,flowregimeindependent,andsuitableforuseinindustrialenvironment.NMRandAarehopeful,buttheyaretooexpeive(cost~$105-106)tobeusedinengineering.

Thenewmethodproposedinthisthesisiscalled“ExtractingandSeparatingMethodorareviatedtoESM”whichbreakthroughthepriormodelsofgasliquidtwo-phaseflowmeasurement(separatingornon-separating).Theproceisthat:first,proportionallyextractingastreamofgas-liquidmixture(5~20)fromthetwo-phaseflowtobemeasuredwithadistributor,thenseparatingitintosingle-phasegasandliquidwithasmallcompactseparator,afterthat,measuringeachphasewithconventionalsinglephaseflowmetersandconvertingthemeasuredvaluestothetwo-phaseflowratetobemeasuredaccordingtotheextractionratio,attheend,returningtheextractedstreamintothetwo-phaseflowpipeagain.Becauseonlyasmallportionofthetotalflowisextracted,theseparatorcanbereduced5~20timesinsizecomparedwiththetraditionalseparationtechniqueinwhichallthetwo-phasemixtureisseparated,andthevolumeofthetwo-phaseflowmetermaynearlyreachthebulkofacommonsinglephaseflowmeter.Furthermore,theESMisalsomuchbetterthanthemostnon-separatingmethodsinreliability、stability、precision、measuringrangeandsoon.BecausetheitrumentsutilizedinESMsystemworkinthesinglephaseflow,themeasurementresultswouldnotbeinfluencedbytheflowpatterandthetraitnatureofthetwo-phaseflow.

Howthe“proportionalextraction”canbearoachedtoaurethattheextractedstreamistherepresentativeoftotalfluidstreamortheextractionratioisstable,isthemajortaskofthethesis.Howtocotructsuchdistributorsisthekeyproblemtobesolvedinthethesis.Fourbasictypesofd istributorwereproposedandstudiedinthethesis:

1.TheT-junctiontypeByutilizingthephaselitphenomenainT-junctio,asingle-phasegasstreamisextractedandseparatedfromthetotalfluidstream,andaconventionalflowmeterisprovidedtometerthegasflowratewhichthenisusedtocalculatethemaflowrateormaqualityofthetwo-phasemixturetobemeasured.Thejunctionotonlyactasadistributorbutalsoaseparator.Basedonaseriesofexperiments,thebasicequatioontheextractionloopandthemainloopwereproposedandtheequationofextractionratiowasalsoderivedcoequentlywhichshowthattheextractionratioisnotacotant,itvarieswiththemaqualityaccordingtoalinearfunction.Onlyoneoftheparameters(theflowrateormaquality)canbedeterminedbythemeteredvalueofextractedgasflow,anotherparameterhastobemeteredwithothermeai.e.thisisasingleparametertwo-phaseflowmeter.

2.ThesampletubetypeHavingtestedtheextractingbehaviorofconventionalsampletubesystematically,anewreformedonewascotructed,whichhasa“S”frontport,andamixerisalsoaddedinfrontofthesampletube.Quitestableextractionratiowereaearedoverabiganofflowrates.

3.Therotationaldrumtype.Inordertoavoidtheinfluenceofflowregimesonextractingeffectively,thethesisbrokethroughtheconventionalmaerofflowdistribution,whichdivideflowonlyfrom“ace”,andtriedtoextractflowby“time”sharingforthefirsttime.Theextractionstreamisproportionallyobtainedbyaccuratelycontroltheextractiontimefractioninwhichtotalflowiscompletelyconductedintotheextractionloop.Theextractionratioisequaltothetimefractionandindependentofflowpatter.Becausethetimefractioncanbeeasilycontrolled,sothetaskofauringextractionratiostablebecomesmuchsimpler.Thedistributorcomprisesofarotationaldrumandshell.Theshellistosuortthedrumandhasnotanymoveablepart.Theoutlineofthedrumisacylinder,theiideaceisequallysegregatedintoaseriesofsmallflowchaelswhichtwistedaroundthedrumaxis.Theoutputsofthemostchaelsaredirectedtothedownstreamofthepipe,onlyafewoftheextractionchaelsarecoectedtotheseparator.Astwo-phasemixturepaesthroughthechaels,thedrumwillbeforcedtorunatahigheedarounditsaxisbythefluid.Withtheruingofthedrum,theentranceofeachchaelwillcontinuouslyscanovereverypointonthecrosectionofthepipe,andsothefluidatanypointonthecrosectionofthepipewillhavethesamepoibilitytoentereachchael.Inarotationperiodofthedrum,thetimefractionoffluidatanypointonthecrosectionofpipeflowingintoeachchaelisequal,sothedrumseeminglyactsasatimecontrolledswitchwhichequallydirectsthetotalflowintoeachchael,theextractiontimefractionandextractionratioisproportionaltothenumberofextractionchaelsandequaltotheratioofextractionchaelnumbertothewholechaelsinthedrum.Aningeniousproofwasmadeinthethesis,andafurthermodifiedequationtocoidertheeffectofliquidleakagethroughthegapbetweendrumandshellwasestablishedtoo.

4.Swirlertype.Contrastingtotherotationaldrumdistributor,thereisnoanyruingpartsinaswirlerdistributorthatisverysuitableforuseinengineering.Byusingtwoorthreeswirleraemblesandconditioners,thetwo-phasemixtureitselfisguidedtopathroughaecialroutingtocompletetheequaldistributioninamulti-chaelaembleinwhicheachchaelhasthesamegeometricalshapebutisnotcoectedeachother.Theoutputsofthemostchaelsisdirectedtothedownstreamofthepipe,onlyafewofextractionchaelsiscoectedtotheseparator.Therefore,theflowrateofthestream(theextractedstream)enteringtheseparatorisonlydependentonthenumberofchaels(theextractingchael)coectedtotheseparatorandisindependentoftheflowpatternandotherfactors,sotheextractionratioremaincotant.

ExperimentsforthefourtypesofESMtwo-phaseflowmetersmentionedabovewereconductedinanair-watertwo-phaseflowloop.Theierdiameteroftheloopwas30mmandthetestsectionwashorizontallyplaced.Thepreure andtemperaturewerenearthatatroomconditio.Theairsuperficialvelocityrangedfrom4to40m/s,andthewatersuperficialvelocityvariedbetween0and0.28m/s.Theflowpatteroervedduringthetestsincludedstratifiedflow、waveflowandaularflow.TheexperimentresultsshowedthatallthefourtypesofESMtwo-phaseflowmetersmentionedabovehavestableextractingratioortheextractionratiochangewithdefinitemaers.Theflowmeterswereabletoworksteadilyandaccuratelyoverawiderange.Theaverageerrorwaslethan5,andthebestresultseverreachedwaswithin3.

TheESMwithChineseintellectualpropertyprovideanewwaytosolvethedifficultproblemoftwo-phaseflowmeasurementinengineering.Byextracting,thesizeofseparatorcanbereducedgreatly;byseparating,themeasurementoftwo-phaseflowistralatedintothatofsinglephaseflowandbychoosinganaropriatedistributorverystableextractionratiocanbeobtained.Allthesewouldmakeitpoibleforthetwo-phaseflowmeterstoaroachorevenreachtheprecisionofsinglephaseflowmeters.ThecostofaESMtypetwo-phaseflowmeterisabout30000RMB(aNMRtwo-phaseflowmeterwiththeprecisionofESM,costs105~106USdollar).Sotwo-phaseflowmeterswouldalsobeaslargelymanufacturedandwidelyusedassinglephaseflowmeters.

keywords:FlowmeterTwo-phaseflowExtractingandSeparatingMethod

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