畅谈现在完成时

【前言】畅谈现在完成时由文秘帮小编整理而成，但愿对你的学习工作带来帮助。My brother has done his homework already. 我的弟弟已经做完作业了。 【温馨提示】在现在完成时的各种结构中,have,has均为助动词,无实际意义,只起构成时态的作用,不可省略。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。 二、现在完成时的句式 1. 否定句...

现在完成时是时态中较难掌握的一种,它既涉及过去,又联系现在。在学习现在完成时态的过程中,需要注意的地方很多,一不留神,就会走入误区。今天,让我们走近这种时态,揭开它的“庐山真面目”。

一、现在完成时的构成

现在完成时是由“助动词have / has+动词过去分词”构成的。规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词则需单独记忆。例如:

I have just cleaned my clothes.

我刚洗过衣服。

My brother has done his homework already.

我的弟弟已经做完作业了。

【温馨提示】在现在完成时的各种结构中,have,has均为助动词,无实际意义,只起构成时态的作用,不可省略。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。

二、现在完成时的句式

1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式由“主语+haven’t / hasn’t+动词过去分词+其它”构成。例如:

I have not seen the movie yet.

我还没看过这部电影。

2. 一般疑问句式:现在完成时的一般疑问句由“Have / Has +主语+动词过去分词+其它?”构成。例如:

―Have you finished the work?

―Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.

――你已经做完这项工作了吗?

――是的,我已经做完了。 / 不,我还没有做完。

―Has she arrived here?

―Yes,she has. / No,she hasn’t.

――她已经到这儿了吗?

――是的,她已经到了。 / 不,她还没有到这儿。

3. 特殊疑问句式:由“特殊疑问词+have / has+主语+动词过去分词+其它?”构成。例如:

How many times have you been to the Great Wall?

你去过长城几次?

【温馨提示】肯定句中有some,already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any,yet。例如:

I have already finished my homework.

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

She has bought some flowers.

Has she bought any flowers?

三、现在完成时的用法

1. 现在完成时的“完成用法”:表示过去已发生或已经完成的某一动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果。也就是说现在完成时虽与过去有关,但实际上看重的是对现在的影响或结果。例如:

He has turned off the light.

他已把灯关上了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况――灯现在不亮了。)

Who has opened the window?

谁把窗子打开了?(动作发生在过去,但说明的是现在的情况――现在窗子开着呢。)

2. 现在完成时的“未完成用法”:指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,刚刚结束,或还要继续下去。此时常与“for+一段时间” “since+表过去的时间点”“since+从句”等时间状语连用。例如:

He has lived here since 1978.

自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。)

I have lived here for more than 30 years.

我在这儿已经住了30多年了。(动作开始于30多年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)

【温馨提示】在这类句子的肯定句中的谓语动词通常用延续性动词。终止性动词由于动作不能持续,故不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但终止性动词的否定式可与这类时间状语连用。例如:

I haven’t met him for a long time.

我好长时间没见到他了。

四、现在完成时的常见短语

1. “have been + in+地点名词”或“have been+表位置的副词”强调的是“在某地呆过”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:

Mr Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.

布朗先生来上海已经3天了。

I have been here since I began to work.

我工作以来一直呆在这儿。

2. “have been+to+地点名词”或“have been+表位置的副词”强调的是“曾经到过某地”,表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just,ever,never等连用。例如:

Miss Brown has just been to Japan twice.

布朗小姐就到日本去过两次。

Have you ever been there before?

你以前到过那儿吗?

Mary has never been to the Great Wall.

玛丽从未去过长城。

3. “have gone + to+地点名词”或“have gone+

表位置的副词”表示“去了某地”。说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、二人称代词作句子的主语。例如:

―Where is Tom?

―He has gone to the bookshop.

――汤姆在哪里?

――他到书店去了。

五、运用现在完成时的四大误区

1. 时态错用

我从1995年起就在这个工厂工作。

【误】I work in this factory since 1995.

【正】I have worked in this factory since 1995.

【析】现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态,而一般现在时则指现在发生的动作或存在的状态。

2. “点、段”不清

我借这本书已经两周了。

【误】I have borrowed this book for two weeks.

【正】I borrowed this book two weeks ago.

【正】I have kept this book for two weeks.

【正】It is two weeks since I borrowed this book.

【析】英语中动词可分为终止性动词和延续性动词。终止性动词的现在完成时的肯定形式不能与表示“段”的时间状语连用,可以用表示“点”的时间状语与终止性动词连用或者将终止性动词改为相应的延续性动词。常见的终止性动词与延续性动词的转换有:come―be here;arrive in(at)/reach/get to―be in;begin―be on;leave―be away;become―be;borrow―keep;buy―have;die―be dead;come back―be back;end/finish―be over;join―be in/be a member of等。

3. “去向”不明

你去哪儿了?

【误】Where have you gone?

【正】Where have you been?

【析】have gone to表示某人去了某地,可能在路上或已经到达,此时不在说话者所处的地方;have been to指某人去过某地,但已经回来了。

4. 介词错用

他们学英语已有两年多了。

【误】They have learned English since over two years.

【正】They have learned English for over two years.

【析】介词since后接“时间点”;介词for后接“时间段”。

【巩固练习】

Ⅰ. 单项选择。

1. Mr Li isn’t here. He_____to England.

A. has beenB. have been

C. has goneD. have gone

2. Mike _____ several places since he came to Beijing.

A. will visit B. has visited

C. is visitingD. visited

3. ― _____your brother a new watch?

―Not yet.

A. Have, boughtB. Did, buy

C. Has, boughtD. Will, buy

4. He_____here in 1980. He _____ a teacher for over twenty years.

A. came;was

B. came;has been

C. has come;is

D. has come;has been

5. Lucy _____ many friends since she went to Paris.

A. made B. is going to make

C. has madeD. makes

Ⅱ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。(每空一词)

6. They _____(be)back from school for one hour.

7. She _____ (buy)some flowers for her mother’s birthday.

8. I won’t go to the concert because I

(lose) my ticket.

9. Wang Tong _____ (finish)his homework and now he is watching TV.

10. ―Well,I found this. I think it must be yours.

―My watch! Thank you. Where_____you_____(find) it?

Ⅲ. 句型转换。(每空一词)

11. He has visited the Great Hall,

?(完成反意疑问句)

12. We have stayed here for two weeks.(改为否定句)

We _______________here for two weeks.

13. I have told them the good news. (改为一般疑问句,并作肯定回答)

― _____ you_____ them the good news?

―Yes, _____.

14. Mr Smith began to teach English in our school in 1996.(改为同义句)

Mr Smith_______________English in our school since 1996.

Key:

1-5 CBCBC 6. have been7. has bought / bought8. have lost 9. has finished 10. did,find 11. hasn’t he 12. haven’t stayed 13. Have, told; I have14. has taught