时间:2022-08-22 07:26:29
一、 虚拟语气简介
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假设,所说的是一个条件,这一条件不一定是事实,或者这一条件与事实相反。在条件句中,只有是非真实条件句时,才用虚拟语气。虚拟语气结构中条件句和主句中的谓语动词形式为:
1. 混合条件句的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句中表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,称为混合条件句或错综时间条件句,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。例如:
If the financial crisis had not happened, he wouldn’t be looking for a job now.
此类条件状语从句中一般有具体的时间或地点,以提醒人们它表示与过去事实相反的假设,如金融危机发生在过去,用过去完成时;而主句中有now以表示与现在的事实相反,其主句结构为would/could/should/might do. 这种混合条件句由于主从句时态不一致,它的主从句的结构与常规的主从句形式一致不同。
2. 虚拟语气中的省略句,即条件状语用倒装形式
在虚拟语气条件从句中,如果出现助动词were, had, should, 可省去if, 将助动词提前,构成倒装。若省略句中的谓语动词为否定形式,则不能用动词的缩略形式。例如:
可以说: Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.
不可以说: Weren’t it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
3. if only引导的感叹句,“要是……就好了”,相当于how I wish + 宾语从句。例如:
If only we students didn’t have so much homework.
4. as if与if引导的从句的虚拟语气结构相同
as if/though, even if/though引导的虚拟语气从句的结构不受主句时态结构的影响。从句中表示的动作指现在的情况时用过去时;表示过去的动作时用过去完成时;指将来的动作时用过去将来时。例如:
He looks as if he had been ill. (他看起来仿佛病过一场。)
He looked as if he had been ill. (他那时看起来仿佛病过一场。)
5. 用介词短语或副词代替条件状语从句,表示一个虚拟的条件。例如:
Without (= If we didn’t have) the UN Goodwill Ambassadors, people working on the project wouldn’t be encouraged.
But for the help (= If there were no help) from the UN, those women wouldn’t have been able to set up their fund.
另外独立主格结构也可表示一种假设条件。例如:
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.
6. suggest 用于陈述语气还是虚拟语气
表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等意义的词在其后的名词性从句中,动词形式用虚拟语气形式即: should do, 其中should可省略。例如:
How do you suggest we (should) go to Beijing for our holiday?
如果suggest的意义为“表明”、“暗示”、“使人想起”,并非“建议”,则后面的宾语从句用陈述句的结构。例如:
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
同样,insist也有两种含义,其后的从句动词形式也不一样。当它表示“坚决要求”时,其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气结构(should) do; 当它表示“坚持说”、“强调”某事实时,则用陈述语气结构。例如:
He insisted that he was innocent.
The bus driver insisted that he drove at the normal speed and that he shouldn’t answer for the child’s death .
7. 如果主句中作表语的形容词为necessary, important, strange, surprising, natural等或作表语的名词为a pity, a shame, no wonder等,其后的主语从句中的动词也用虚拟语气形式(should) do。 例如:
It is important that we should lay emphasis on sustainable development.
8. 句型It’s timedid sth和It’s timeshould do sth. 中, 第二个句型中的should不能省略。例如:
It’s time we fininished our homework.
It’s time he should go to bed.