男性――从歧视到被歧视

No one could deny the necessity of empowering women and protecting women from discriminations. However， in the process of raising the female status， the government and the general public always forget， or neglect， the fact that men are also suffering from many forms discriminations in the society.

没有人可以否定妇女赋权和保护女性不受歧视的必要性。然而，在提高女性社会地位的过程中，政府和大众总是忘记或忽略这样一个事实：男性在社会中也不免遭受着种种歧视。

Domestic Violence

家庭暴力

When we think of domestic violence， images of battered women with bruise or black eyes come into mind. And so often that people won't believe that men are victims of domestic abuse and violence.

However， in fact， many men are also the victims of domestic violence. It is estimated that nearly 1 in 3， perhaps as many as 1 in 2， of family violence victims is male in Australia； 4 in 10 in the US and in the UK respectively. The vast majority of perpetrators of intimate partner violence against males are female. Even worse， much less male victims of domestic violence had reported to the police， in comparison with women. And the society turns the blind eyes on the issue.

谈及家庭暴力，我们想到的总是那些身上带着挫伤、眼圈青肿的受虐妇女形象。人们通常不相信男人会成为家庭虐待和暴力的受害者。

但是，事实上，男性也是家庭暴力的受害者。据估计，在澳大利亚，每三个男性甚至每两个男性中，就有一位是家庭暴力的受害者；在美国和英国，平均每十个男性中有四个遭受家庭暴力。在男性遭受家庭暴力的情况中，绝大多数的施暴者为女性。更糟糕的是，与女性相比，男性受害者中选择报警的人数更少。因此，社会忽视了这一问题的存在。

Little resources have been invested to address and understand the issues of domestic abuse and violence against men， in comparison to that of women. Therefore， support services which are similar to those for female domestic violence victims are almost non-existence or limited in many countries. Virtually nothing has been done to encourage men to report abuse and many men do not even attempt to report the situation because of feelings of shame. "Support services for male victims remain decades behind those for women." Mark Brooks， chairman of the men's domestic abuse charity， the Mankind Initiative， said.

与女性遭受家暴相比，社会对男性遭受家暴情况的关注度更低，投入解决问题的资源也更少。因此，针对男性遭受家暴的援助服务在许多国家都是非常有限甚至是不存在的，这些援助目前大多只针对女性受害者。几乎不存在任何鼓励男子举报家庭暴力的措施，许多人甚至因为羞耻感而不愿报警。人类倡议协会，男性家庭暴力慈善协会主席马克・布鲁克斯说：“针对男性家庭暴力受害者的援助服务相比女性落后几十年。”

Custody Law

监护权法

Many law experts view the custody law as biased against fathers and leaning more towards mothers. In many countries， mothers are more likely to receive primary residential custody than fathers in custody decisions. It is estimated that that mothers receive primary custody 68-88% of the time， fathers receive primary custody 8-14%， and equal residential custody is awarded in only 2-6% of the cases in the US. In Japan， family courts also normally grant sole custody to the mother. It is because many judges still consider that women play a larger role in raising the children and women are naturally more nurturing and better caregivers than men as a result of which mothers prevail in these custody cases. This perception is an discrimination against male.

许多法律专家认为监护权法对男性持有偏见，而更倾向女性一方。在许多国家，母亲比父亲更容易获得监护权。据估计，在美国，68-88%的母亲可以获得主要监护权，而父亲获得主要监护权的比例则只有8-14%，父亲获得住所监护权的比例更低，只有2-6%。在日本，家庭法院一般会把对孩子监护权判给母亲。这是因为许多法官认为母亲在抚养孩子中发挥着更重要的作用，且女性更擅长养育孩子。这种观点实际上是在监护权问题上对男性的歧视。

Education

教育

Education is another area where men are severely discriminated because the education system dramatically favors girls from the early childhood education to the university entrance exam. As the early stage education sets the same expectations for all students， ignoring the fact that boys' early progress tends to be slower and more difficult to sit still to learn. Boys' strengths， such as quickness， getting to the point， doing things efficiently are little recognized in the system. It can lead to boys becoming frustrated in studying. And the other public examinations like university entrance exam emphasize on essay-writing and memorizing which are also girls' strength. Therefore， for years now， girls have been taking the lion’s share of success in public examinations and out-performed boys in almost every subject.

Furthermore， teachers are also in more favorable grading of girl. The Journal of Human Resources proves that teachers grade girls not as strictly as boys， when they get exactly the same results on tests. The report of “Gender Expectations and Stereotype Threats” was also demonstrated that teachers tend to expect girls to perform better than boys and that it is a self-fulfilling expectation. This expectation of better performance from girls results in more favorable grading of girls， a leading academic warned.

教育是男性遭受严重歧视的另一个领域，因从幼儿教育到大学联考，教育系统都大大有利于女孩。在教育的初始阶段，教育为所有学生设定了同等的期望值，忽略了男孩的发育更缓慢且更难适应久坐学习的事实。男孩的强项，如敏捷、直接、有效的行为方式在教育系统中并没有得到认可。这会导致男孩在学习中受挫。在其他的一些公共考试中，如大学入学考试，学校强调的是写作和记忆能力，这些也是女孩的强项。因此，许多年来，女孩一直在各类公共考试中独占鳌头。

另外，老师们也更喜欢给女孩好成绩。《人力资源期刊》证明老师在打分时对女生的要求并不像对男生那样严苛。《性别期望和刻板印象威胁》报告中也阐述了老师倾向于希望女生比男生表现的更好，这是一种自我实现的预期。这种预期导致老师会给女生更好的成绩。

This institutional discrimination against male causes the drop-out rate for male far greater than their counterparts. In the US， boys were responsible for 79 per cent of expulsions and 72 per cent of suspensions. In New Zealand， schools also expel more male students than female students. In 2011 expulsion rate was 4.3 times higher for males than for females. In the UK， males are 3 times more likely to be expelled from schools. Those male students who are expelled permanently are more likely to experience difficulties such as unemployment， living in poor accommodation and being in trouble with the police in their later life.

这种学术中的歧视使男性的辍学率远远高于女性。在美国，男生分别占被开除学生的79%和休学学生的72%。在新西兰，学校开除的男性学生人数多于女性学生。2011年，男性被开除学生是女性被开除学生人数的4.3倍。在英国，男性学生被开除的几率是女性学生的三倍。被开除的学生通常就业困难、生活贫困，且在今后的生活中容易参与犯罪活动。

Retirement Age Discrimination

退休年龄歧视

The retirement ages for men and women are unequal in many countries. It is a known fact that women retired earlier than men， but their average life expectance is also longer. For example， women retire at 55 and men have to retire at 60 in China but their life expectancy is 74 and 77 respectively， the corresponding figures for Vietnam are 55 and 60 & 73 and 77 and that of Austria are 58 and 64 & 60 and 65. Many men see it a form of discrimination.

男性和女性的退休年龄在许多国家都是不一样的。一般情况下，女性比男性更早退休，但她们的平均寿命更长。例如，在中国，女性退休年龄为55岁，男性退休年龄为60岁，但他们的平均寿命分别为74岁和77岁。在越南，男女的退休年龄分别为55岁和60岁，平均寿命分别为73岁和77岁。在澳大利亚，男女的退休年龄分别为58和64，平均寿命分别为60和65。对此许多男性认为这是一种歧视。

Health Care System

卫生保健系统

When it comes to health， men are more vulnerable than women. One of the key reasons why men is the weaker sex， particularly in term of health， is that more research funding is allocating to the women health research and education.

For example， the death rates for prostate and breast cancer are similar. Research funding between the two cancers is strikingly difference. In the US and the UK， prostate cancer research receives much less funding than breast cancer. In fiscal year 2009 of the US， breast cancer research received $872 million worth of federal funding， while prostate cancer received $390 million. In the UK， prostate cancer ranks 20th in the league table of cancers research funding. Breast cancer receives twice as much research funding as prostate cancer --- ?853 per breast cancer case diagnosed in comparison to ?417 for prostate cancer. Even in private foundations， the picture is the same. For example， at the American Cancer Society， breast cancer receives about twice the number of grants as prostate cancer.

谈到健康，男人比女人更脆弱。男人是两性中的弱者，特别是在健康方面，原因是更多的科研经费被分配给了妇女健康研究和教育。

例如，前列腺癌和乳腺癌的死亡率相差无几，但研究两种癌症所投入的资金却有天壤之别。2009美国财年，在乳腺癌方面的研究得到了8.72亿美元的联邦资金，而前列腺癌研究的资金却只有3.9亿美元。在英国，前列腺癌位列疾病研究经费镑的第20位，平均每个病例有417镑的研究经费，而乳腺癌经费是其两倍，平均每个病例有约853镑的研究经费。即使在私有基金赞助下，情况也是如此。比如，美国癌症协会所吸纳的用于乳腺癌治疗的捐款是用于前列腺癌的两倍。

Many health leaflets published by health authorities and other groups are targeting women and focusing on issues like breast and cervical cancer. According to the some men’s rights groups in the UK， finding a medical leaflet targeting men only conditions is difficult in the clinics. Also， the "The Prostate Cancer Gap： A Crisis in Men's Health" reported that news coverage of prostate cancer were 2.6 times less than that of breast cancer between 1996 and 2006.

卫生主管部门和其他团体所的许多卫生宣传材料都针对妇女的健康问题，将重点放在乳腺癌和宫颈癌等疾病上。根据英国一些男性权利团体提供的消息，在诊所寻找只针对男性疾病的宣传材料十分困难。同样，“前列腺癌的缺口：男性健康危机”一文中指出，在1996―2006十年间，关于乳腺癌的新闻报道是前列腺癌的2.6倍。