急性呼吸道感染门诊患者的临床特征和病毒谱分析

时间:2022-08-03 04:32:48

急性呼吸道感染门诊患者的临床特征和病毒谱分析

[摘要] 目的 分析急性呼吸道感染T诊患者的临床特征和病毒谱,为患者的临床治疗提供依据。 方法 收集2015年1月~2016年12月具有急性呼吸道感染症状的门诊患者的临床资料,并采集患者的咽拭子样本。应用多重PCR方法检测15种呼吸道病毒,并利用实时荧光RT-PCR技术鉴别甲型流感病毒的3种常见亚型。 结果 465例门诊患者中,呼吸道病毒阳性137例,检出率为29.5%(137/465),其中单一病毒感染94.2%(129/137),病毒共感染5.8%(8/137);单一病毒感染中,以流感病毒为主,其次为肠道;病毒共检出中以鼻病毒和季节性H3N2流感病毒共检出为主。临床特征显示,病毒阳性患者的部分临床症状比病毒阴性患者重,更容易出现高热、咽喉痛、乏力、鼻涕、痰液及呼吸急促等症状,且肺部异常多见。不同年龄段患者的感染率存在一定的差异,

[关键词] 急性呼吸道感染;呼吸道病毒;甲型流感病毒;聚合酶链式反应

[中图分类号] R512.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)18-0116-04

Clinical characteristics and etiologic spectrums of outpatients with acute respiratory infections

LIN Suting1 CHEN Ping2 CUI Dawei3

1.Department of Laboratory Medicine, the People’s Hospital of Yueqing in Zhejiang Province, Yueqing 325600, China; 2.Department of Laboratory, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of TCM, Hangzhou 310006, China; 3.Department of Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze clinical characteristics and etiologic spectrums of outpatients with acute respiratory infections(ARIs) for providing basis for clinical treatment of patients. Methods Clinical data and throat specimens of outpatients with ARIs were collected from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016. Their samples were detected for fifteen respiratory viruses by multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and three subtypes of influenza A virus (FluA) were identified by real-time RT-PCR assay. Results Of 465 outpatients, 137 cases were positive for respiratory viruses, and the total positive rate was 29.5% (137/465). The percentage of single virus infection was 94.2% (129/137), and mixed infection was 5.8% (8/137). FluA virus was most pathogens of single virus infection, followed by enterovirus(EV). The coinfection with RhV+sH3N2 was major for the mixed infection. Some of clinical symptoms from outpatients with positive viruses were more severe than that of cases with negative viruses, and the outpatients with positive viruses had easily high fever, sore throat, fatigue, nasal discharge, sputum, and shortness of breath and other symptoms, and abnormal lung. The positive rate was significantly different among different ages, the highest of positive rate was children less than five years old(50.0%), followed by the elderly over the age of 60(38.6%). Conclusion Respiratory virus is one common cause of outpatients with ARIs, especially young children and the elderly, therefore, the enhancement of respiratory virus detection will contribute to prevention and control of outpatients with ARIs.

ARIs引起患者的R床症状主要为发热(>37.5°C)伴咳嗽、咽喉痛、呼吸急促和(或)流鼻涕等[2,4]。本研究显示多数门诊患者以高热(≥38.0℃)为主(81.3%),且病毒阳性的门诊患者发生高热的比例显著高于病毒阴性的患者,这与甘肃省、山东省和黎巴嫩贝鲁特地区等早期的相关报道存在一定的差异[4,10]。此外,咽喉痛、乏力、呼吸急促、肺部听诊异常和肺部X线/CT表现异常等参数与美国匹兹堡和我国山东省等国内外的报道基本一致[2,4,10]。这些临床症状的异同与研究对象的年龄、感染的季节、病原的种类和患者的卫生环境等因素可能存在一定的关系[1, 4,10]。

早期研究表明,儿童和老年人引起免疫力相对较差,是病毒感染的高危人群[11-15],而青少年因多数时间在学校学习,容易在病毒的流行季节被感染[1,7,16]。本研究显示,儿童的病毒感染率显著高于其他年龄群,其次是老年人,且肠道病毒和病毒共感染在儿童中的比例也相对较高。表明年龄是影响病毒感染和病毒种类的一个重要因素,这与我国上海、深圳和巴西、维多利亚等国家和地区的早期报道基本一致[7,8,13-15]。

急性呼吸道感染是人类最常见的传染病之一,较高的发病率和死亡率给人类的健康带来严重的威胁,而呼吸道病毒是最常见的因素之一[1-3]。目前,病毒培养虽然是病毒检测的“金标准”,但由于费时费力,生物安全要求高,且敏感性不高等因素影响,限制了其在临床上的推广[6,17]。聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术及其衍生的荧光PCR和多重PCR技术,在病毒诊断上因其快速、敏感、特异等因素的影响,已广泛应用于临床和实验室研究[17-19]。本研究所选用的试剂盒为国际认可的多重PCR试剂盒,敏感性和特异性均较高,且可同时检测15种病毒得到广泛的应用[9,20-21],这使我们检测的结果真实可靠。呼吸道病毒是引起ARIs的重要因素,应加强呼吸道病毒的检测,特别是对儿童和老年人,为ARIs临床患者的及时诊断和治疗提供依据。本研究首次系统性分析了浙江省乐清地区急性呼吸道感染门诊患者的临床特征和病毒谱,为患者的临床治疗提供科学的依据。

本研究仅仅选择乐清地区最大的综合性医院,本地区的其他医院因各种原因没有选入研究单位,且因其样本量相对较少和临床及实验室数据的部分不完善等因素,对结果分析存在一定的影响,将在未来的实验中加大样本量的采集和选择本地区多家医院进行研究,并逐步完善这些不足。

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