句子的结构

时间:2022-07-11 08:49:45

句子的结构

一、简单句、并列句、复合句

1.简单句(主语+谓语)

只有―个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。简单句共有五种类型。例如:

She can sing an English song.

她能唱一首英文歌曲。

Both father and mother are fighting against SARS. 父母都在同“非典”作斗争。

2.并列句(简单句+并列连词+简单句)

所谓并列句,就是将两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词(如so,but,and或or等)连接而组成的句群。这些句群之间有如下关系。

1)顺接关系

常见的表示并列关系的句群主要体现在并列连词“and(和)”、“not only…but also…(不但……而且……)”等的结构中。例如:

It's getting late,and we have to get up early next morning.

已经很晚了,我们明天早上还得早起。

Not only he loves the teachers,but also the teachers love him.

不但他爱老师,而且老师也爱他。

2)转折关系

常见的表示转折关系的句群主要体现在并列连词“but(但是)”、“yet(可是)”、“while(然而)”、“however(然而)”等词上。例如:

I'm poor,but I always enjoy myself.

我没有钱,但是我总是过得很愉快!

He worked hard,yet he failed.

他工作努力,可是没有成功。

Lucy is wearing a yellow skirt while Lily is wearing a blue one.

露茜穿着一件黄色的裙子,而莉莉穿着一件蓝色的裙子。

She tried her best,however,she failed.

她尽了最大努力,然而失败了。

3)因果关系

常见的表示因果关系的句群主要体现在并列连词“because”、“for(因为)”等词上。例如:

Because I'm rich,I can buy myself lots of nice things.

因为我很有钱,所以我可以为自己买很多好东西!

It is going to rain, for the sky is dark.

要下雨了,因为天色很暗。

4)选择关系

常见的表示选择关系的句群主要体现在并列连词“or(或者、否则)”、“either…or…(要么……要么……)”等词上。例如:

Be quick,or you'll be late.

快点,否则你就要迟到了。

The children may go with us,or they may stay at home.

孩子们或是跟我们走,或是留在家里。

注意

使用并列句须注意

并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则相同的部分常可省略。例如:

My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.

我父亲在工厂工作,我母亲在学校工作。

Some of us learn English, others Japanese.

我们中的一些人学英语,另―些人学日语。

3. 复合句(主语+连词+从句;或连词+从句+主句)

复合句往往包含有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。这种作为一个句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。根据句法作用不同,从句可分为名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),形容词性从句(包括定语从句),副词性从句(包括时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、让步、方式状语从句)。

例如:

I think that you should get on well with your sister.(宾语从句)

我认为你应该和你妹妹相处好。

He has to leave because his mother is ill. (原因状语从句) 他不得不离开是因为他妈妈病了。

Speak clearly so that we can understand you.(目的状语从句)

说清楚一点以便于我们都能够理解。

I have as many books as you do.(比较状语从句) 我的书和你的书一样多。

You look as if you are very tired.(方式状语从句) 你看上去似乎很疲劳。

二、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句

1.时间状语从句

常由when,before,after,as soon as,until,since等连词引导,要根据连词所表示的不同意义来推断主从句的谓语动词的时态,这是掌握时间状语从句的关键。

(1)由when引导的从句:表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或从句动作发生在主句动作之前,或主句动作发生在从句动作之前。例如:

When it rains , I go to school by bus.

下雨的时候,我乘公共汽车上学。

I was drawing a horse when he came in.

当他进来时,我正在画一匹马。

When he pressed the button, the lift stopped.

他一按电钮,电梯就停了。

I'll tell you when he comes back.

他回来时,我将告诉你。

The train had left when I got there.

当我到达那儿时,火车已经离开了。

注意

while,when和as的用法比较

while意为“当……时候”,常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。例如:

Don't talk so loud while others are working.

别人工作时,请勿大声说话。

when引导的时间状语从句,通常指时间的一点,从句的谓语动词用终止性动词;但它也可以指一段时间,从句中用持续性动词。when引导的从句表示的动作或状态,可以与主句表示的动作或状态同时发生,也可以是先后或紧接着发生。例如:

He was only the when he began to work.

他10岁时就开始干活了。

It was raining hard when I got there.

我到达那里时,正在下大雨。

as表示“当……时候”,往往可以和when互换,但它通常表示动作发生的过程,而不表示状态。在表示“随着……”或“一边……一边……”的意思时。要用as。例如:

As we walked we talked. 我们边走边谈。

(2)由before引导的从句:一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前。例如:

I didn't know any English before I came here. 我到这儿之前,一点儿英语都不会。

He had finished writing the new words before his parents came back.

在他父母回来前,他就写完了那些生词。

We won't leave before he comes back.

在他回来前,我们不会离开。

注意

since和before的用法比较

两者均可用于“It + be…+ since/before-从句”的句型。区别在于since表示“自从……以来”,所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态关系是:It is/has been some time since sb.did sth.。而 before的含义是“(过了多久)才……”,主、从句的时态关系是:It was/had been some time before sb.did sth。表过去和将来时,两者相应的句型分别是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth.如:

It is 30 years since he joined the revolution.

他参加革命已三十年了。

It was three days before he came back.

他三天后才回来。

(3)由after引导的从句:表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。例如:

After he locked the door, he left.

他锁上门后就离开了。

After he had done the work, he watched TV.

他干完工作后,看电视。

They will help you after you tell them.

你告诉他们之后,他们将帮助你。

(4)由as soon as引导的从句。例如:

I'll give you a ring as soon as I get there.

我一到那儿就给你打电话。

As soon as she heard the bad news, she began to cry.

她一听到这个不幸的消息,就开始哭。

(5)由until引导的从句:①当主句的谓语是延续性动词时,主句用肯定式。②当主句的谓语是终止性动词时,主句用否定式。例如:

I waited until he came back.

我一直等到他回来。

We won't leave the classroom until we finish working out the mathes problem.

直到算出那些数学题,我们才离开教室。

(6)由since引导的从句:表示“自从……以来”,从句常用一般过去时态,主句常用现在完成时态或一般现在时态。例如:

He has made many friends since he came to China. 自他到中国以来,他已结交了许多朋友。

It is three years since he joined the League.

他已入团三年了。

注意

含有时间状语的复合句,如果主句是一般将来时,从句必须用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

She will come back when her mother calls her. 她妈妈给打电话时她将回家。

He will be glad when he gets his friends' letters. 当他收到他朋友的来信他将会很高兴。

2. 地点状语从句

常用where或wherever引导。例如:

We live where the two rivers meet.

我们住在两条河的交汇处。

I'll go where I'm needed.

我将到需要我的地方去。

Wherever you go,you must remember to protect the environment.无论你走到哪里,你必须记着去保护环境。

3. 原因状语从句

常由because,as,for,sinee等连词引导。例如:

As I didn't know the answer, I asked Li Lei for help.由于我不知道答案,我请李雷帮忙。

Since you know about it, tell me, please.

既然你知道这件事,请快告诉我。

He didn't catch the morning bus because he got up late.

他没赶上早班车是因为他起床晚了。

We had to stay at home for we had lots of homework to do.

我们必须呆在家里是因为我们有许多作业要做。

注意

because,since,as和for的用法比较

because表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的语气最强;常表示必然的因果关系。回答以 why引起的特殊疑问句,只能用because。如:

He is absent today because he is ill.

他今天缺课,因为他病了。

since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实,语气比because稍弱。如:

I'll do it for you since you are busy.

既然你忙,我来替你做吧。

as表示的往往是十分明显的原因,听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来,语气较弱,比较口语化。如:

As you object , I'll change the plan.

既然你反对,我将改变计划。

for是并列连词,它引导的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后,它们之间用逗号隔开。如:

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

昨晚准是下雨了,今天早上地面还是湿的。

4.条件状语w从句

常由if(假如,如果),unless(如果不,除非)来引导,条件状语从句中必须用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

If he wants to succeed,he mustwork harder.

如果他想成功,他必须更加努力工作。

If it snows tomorrow, we'll go skating.

如果明天下雪,我们将去滑雪。

We won't take part in the game unless we are free.

除非我们有空,否则我们将不去参加那个游戏。

She will be here on time unless there's something wrong with her.

除非她出了问题,否则她将会准时来这儿的。

5. 目的状语从句

目的状语从句常由so that,in order that等引导。例如:

He got up early this morning so that he could got to school earlier.

他今天早起床,于是能早一些到校。

Hurry up in order that we can plant more trees. 抓紧点我们就能多植些树。

6. 结果状语从句

(1)常由so(结果),so…that;such…that;so that(结果)等引导。例如:

He drives carefully,so he has never had any accidents. 他开车小心,所以从来没发生事故。

It's such a fine day that we had better go for a walk. 天气如此好,我们最好去散散步。

It's so cold that no one can play outside.

天太冷了,没有人能在外面玩。

He spent all his money so that he could hardly go home.

他把所有的钱全花光了,结果差点回不了家。

(2)so…that…意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,此句型在初中阶段是一重点句型。学习时需注意:若主句的谓语是系动词be,feel,become等时,so修饰形容词;若主句的谓语是行为动词时,so修饰副词。例如:

He is so young that he can't join the army.

他太小了,还不到参军的年龄。

It rained so heavily that he couldn't get there on time.雨下得这么大,他没能准时到达那儿。

(3)so…that…与几种简单句之间的句型转换。

①当so…that…句型中的that从句是否定句,且主句与从句的主语一致时,常与简单句too…to do sth.句型进行转换。例如:

I'm so short that I can't reach the apples on the tree=I'm too short to reach the apples on the tree.(我个子太矮够不着标上的苹果)

②当so…that…句型中的that从句是否定句,且主句与从句的主语不一致时,常与简单句too…for sb.to do sth. 句型进行转换。例如:

This maths problem is so hard that he can't work it out. =This maths problem is too hard for him to work out.

这道数学题很难,他解答不出来。

③当so…that…句型中的that从句是肯定句,且主句与从句的主语一致时,常与简单句…enough to do sth.句型进行转换。例如:

He worked so hard that he passed the exam.=He worked hard enough to pass the exam.

他学习很用功,考试顺利过关。

④当so…that…句型中的that从句是肯定句,且主句与从句的主语不一致时,常与简单句…enough for sb. to do sth.句型进行转换。例如:

The coat is so cheap that I can buy it.=The coat is cheap enough for me to buy.

这件上衣很便宜,我能买得起。

⑤当so…that…句型中的that从句是肯定句,但其谓语动词相当于not...时,如:miss=not catch (up with),fail=not pass,fall behind=not catch up with等,既可与too…to…也可与…enough to…等句型进行转换。例如:

Kate got up so late that she missed the early bus.(改为简单句)Kate got up too late to catch the early bus.

凯特起床迟了误了早班车。

(4)so…that与such…that的区别。这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词,后接形容词或副词;such是形容词,后接名词。还须注意以下九点:

①在so…that与such…that中间出现的是单数名词,且该名词前有形容词修饰时,这两种结构可互换,但要注意它们的词序不同:such + a/an + 形容词+名词=so + 形容词 + a/an+名词。例如:

She is such a good teacher(=so good a teacher) that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老师,我们都爱她。

②如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时,一般须用such...that。如:

He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.

他进步很快,不久就开始用英语写文章。(不可数名词)

They are such interesting books that we all want to read them. 这些书是那么有趣以至于我们都想读一读。(复数可数名词)

③如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many,much,little,few修饰时,则用so…that。如:

I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over. 我摔了好多次跤,全身青一块紫一块的。(复数可数名词)

George had so little money thathe had to get a job.乔治没有钱,所以他不得不找工作干。(不可数名词)

They are such little children that they can't do anything.他们是小孩,什么事情都干不了。

(5)如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句?下面的方法可帮助你解决问题。

①当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时,为目的状语从句;当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时,为结果状语从句。例如:

If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)

如果你的确知道,应大声回答,以便让全班学生都可以听见。

It rained hard the day before yesterday,so that she had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)

前天雨下得很大,因此她只好呆在家里。

②当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can,could,may,might等时,是目的状语从句;当从句里没有情态动词,且谓语动词是一般现在时(过去时)、现在完成时等时态时,是结果状语从句。例如:

We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could (might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的状语从句)我们在盐湖城逗留,以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。

They have walked a long way,so that they are all tired. (结果状语从句)

他们走了很长的路,所以都很累。

③当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时,是目的状语从句;反之,是结果状语从句。例如:

We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work future.(目的状语从句)

我们现在努力学习是为了将来更好地工作。

④当so that之前有逗号时,是结果状语从句;反之,是目的状语从句。例如:

The novel is very interesting, so that I like it very much.(结果状语从句)

这部小说很有趣,因而我非常喜欢。

7. 比较状语从句

常由as;as…as;no so as;the+比较级等引导。例如:

She is as beautiful as her mother.

她和她妈妈一样美。

You must do as your father told you to do.

你必须按照你父亲说的去做。

You are not so strong as you look.

你并不像看上去那么强壮。

Tom runs as fast as I.

汤姆和我跑得一样快。

The harder you work,the more successful you'll be.

你越努力工作,你将越能成功。

8. 让步状语从句

常由although, though, even if, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。例如:

Although he was weak, he kept on taking exercise.尽管他身体很虚弱,他仍坚持锻炼。

He knows two foreign languages though he is only twelve years old.

尽管他只有十二岁,他懂两门外语。

Whatever he says, I'll listen.

不论他说什么,我都会听着。

Whoever will come, we're sure to welcome warmly. 无论谁来,我们一定热烈欢迎。

注意

使用了though或although时,主句不能使用but,但可以使用yet。

误:Although I am tired, but I will go on.

正:Although I am tired, I will go on.

正:I am tired,but I will go on

9. 宾语从句(主句+连词+宾语从句)

连接宾语从句常用的连词有that,if(是否), whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,when, where,how,why,whoever,whomever,whenever, wherever等。

(1)陈述句充当宾语从句,用that引导,that可以省略。例如:

He said (that) he could help us.

他说他能够帮助我们。

My uncle said (that) he would come back soon. 我叔叔说不久他要回来。

I remember (that) she has given you much help. 我记得她曾给过你很大帮助。

Tom told me (that) he would leave for Japan.

汤姆告诉我他将去日本。

(2)一般疑问句充当宾语从句,用if或whether来连接,但要改为陈述句的语序。例如:

He asked me if I could speak English.

他问我是否会说英语。

Li Ling asked her friend whether she could find a job here.

李玲问她的朋友是否能在这儿找到一份工作。

I asked her if she had finished her work.

我问她是否已完成工作了。

Mei Mei asked me whether I had passed the exam.

梅梅问我是否考试及格了。

注意

whether和if都带有“是否”的含义,都可以引导宾语从句。一般情况下,if和whether可互换使用。比如:

I don't know if(或whether) she will be able to come.我不知道她是否能来。

但在以下情况下多用whether:

①介词后的宾语从句

I'm thinking about whether I have made another mistake.

我正在考虑我是不是又错了。

②宾语从句提前时

Whether they can come here on time, we don't know.

他们能否按时来这儿,我们不知道。

③与or not连用(即whether后面紧跟or not)时

Whether or not it rains,he's going to Beijing tomorrow.

不管下不下雨,他明天都要去北京。

④与不定式连用时

I really don't know whether to accept or refuse.我真的不知道是接受还是拒绝。

⑤动词discuss, wonder之后

We discussed whether we should have the meeting right away.

我们讨论了要不要马上举行会议。

另外,if可以作“如果”讲,引导条件状语从句,而whether则没有这种用法。例如:

You will succed if you work hard.

如果你努力工作,你会成功的。

(3)特殊疑问句充当宾语,保留原来的疑问词及疑问副词,语序必须是陈述句的语序。例如:

Do you know whose bike it is?

你知道这是谁的自行车吗?

May I ask you where they lived?

我可以问你他们住在哪里吗?

Do you remember what he said at the meeting? 你还记得他在会议上说的话吗?

I don't know which bus I should take.

我不知道应该乘哪一路公共汽车。

(4)宾语从句应注意以下三个问题。

①主句与从句的时态应一致。

如果主句是一般现在时,从句可以选用任何一个时态;如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,则从句必须选用过去时态的一种。例如:

He told me he had left for New York.

他告诉我他已去了纽约。

He is sure that she will change a job.

他肯定她会换一个工作。

②否定转移。

当主句的主语为第一人称,动词为think, believe等时,如从句是否定句,该否定形式常要转移到主句中。例如:

I don't think it is going to rain.

我认为不会下雨。

③“两副面孔”。

if和when既能引导状语从句,又能连接宾语从句。因此,碰到此类情况要认清一种形式的“两副面孔”,从而具体情况具体对待。例如:

I don't know when/if he will come tomorrow.

我不知道他明天什么时候/是否来。

If/When he comes, I'll tell him about it.

如果/当他来(时),我会把那件事告诉他的。

10. 定语从句

定语从句是一种形容词性从句,它由关系代词或关系副词引导,修饰位于它前面的名词或名词短语的中心词即先行词。

1)关系代词及关系副词

一般来讲,修饰人用who,whom,whose,that;修饰物用that或which。who,whom,whose,that这些词在定语从句中所起的作用相当于一个名词;在定语从句中who/that/which可作主语、宾语等, whose作定语,whom只能作宾语,它们是联系先行词和定语从句的纽带,故称这些词为关系代词,关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时常常省略。在定语从句中起状语作用的词有when,where,why等,它们也是联系定语从句与中心词的纽带,它们本身为副词,所以称之为关系副词。例如:

He is a person whois friendly to others.

先行词关系代词(定语从句)

(who在定语从句中作主语,不能省略)

他是一个对他人友好的人。

That is the building where my uncle works.

先行词 关系副词(定语从句)

2)只用that引导的定语从句

(1)先行词是不定代词all,everything,nothing, anything,much,little,few等时。例如:

Is there anything that you want to know?

你们还有想知道的事情吗?

All that needs to be done has to be done.

所有应做的事情不得不被做。

(2)先行词被all,every,any,no,little,much修饰时。例如:

These are all books that are written by Lu Xun.这些书全是鲁迅写的。

There's little work that is needed to be done today.今天需要做的事情几乎没多少。

(3)先行词被序数词及形容词最高级修饰时。例如:

That is the best sport(that) the old people enjoy.那是老年人最喜爱的运动。

This is the first lesson(that) the students have learned.这是学生们已学过的第一课。

(4)先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same修饰时。例如:

You are the only friend that call help me at any time.

你是惟一一个能在任何时候帮我的朋友。

This was the last letter that I heard from him.

这是我收到的他的最后一封信。

(5)当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时。例如:

The children were talking about the person and the places (that) they had seen.

孩子们正在谈论着他们见过的人和地方。

The people and the things that the old man met can be remembered in his mind.

这位老人能记住遇到过的人或事。

(6)关系词作宾语从句的表语时。例如:

The village is no longer the one(that) it used to be. 这个村庄已不再是原来的样子了。

This is the one (that) the waiter wants to be.

这就是这个服务员想成为的人。

(7)主句是以who,what,which开头的特殊疑问句时。例如:

Who is the person that is cleaniug the window?正在擦窗子的那个人是谁?

Whose is the car that is parking under the tree?停在树下的那辆车是谁的?

3)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

这种从句中介词的使用由以下3种方式来判定:

(1)依据定语从句中的动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定;

(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定;

(3)依据所表达的意思来确定。例如:

I have many books,most of which are written by young writers.

我有很多书,大部分都是青年作家写的。

She'll never forget the day on which she joined the Party.

她将永远不会忘记她入党的那一天。

He spent nearly all his money with which he he bought many books.

他把钱几乎全用在了买书上。

4)特殊先行词way,reason,time后的定语从句

This is the best time when (at which, that) you visit China. 这是你访问中国的最佳时间。

This is the best way that(in which) we call understand each othel.

这是我们相互理解的最佳方法。

He couldn't give the right reason why he was late.

他给不出迟到的合理的理由。

5)as引导的定语从句,多与the same,such连用

As we all know(As is known),he is a kind doctor.

大家都知道,他是一个善良的医生。

This is the same weather as we met last year.

这与我们去年碰到的气候一样。

You should not let the students read such books as you read.

你不应该让学生们读你读的那些书。

6)句型the(only)one of+复数名词后的定语从句和one of+复数名词后的定语从句。

He is the only one of the class who(that)won the first prize.

他是班上惟一一个获得一等奖的人。(从句中的谓语用单数形式)

Xi'an is one of the best cities which (that) are famous for its history.

西安是以历史著称的最好的城市之一。(从句中的谓语用复数)

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