“神舟九号”交会对接主着陆场航天员的医疗救护保障

时间:2022-07-09 11:23:46

“神舟九号”交会对接主着陆场航天员的医疗救护保障

【摘要】目的 总结我国十年载人航天主着陆场航天员医疗保障的经验,针对“神舟九号”载人交会对接的技术状态,优化直升机救护平台,确保“神九”航天员安全。方法 调研国内外有关航天员发生的意外伤害资料,结合“神舟五号、六号、七号“航天员医疗保障的经验,针对“神九”的任务特点,提出系列的组织、预案、设备配置以及有效的救治方案。结果 优化了直升机ICU及可以进行控制性手术的救护平台、通讯联络平台。医疗直升机可在草原沙漠上大范围的机动,确保意外情况下航天员的快速救治和后送。航天员意外伤害的医疗救护预案科学、合理、实用,适合野战环境。结论 “神九”主着陆场区航天员医疗救护的空中救护平台,快速、灵活、可操作;空中救援方案、直升机救护平台的构建以及组织实施,对野战及灾害等特殊环境中的空中医学救援有参考价值。

【关键词】航天员;损伤;急救;空运后送;卫生勤务;医学保障

Experience in first—aid and rescue for the ‘SHENJIU’ astronauts in the landing site LIU Zhi—guo, NIU En—xi, JIA Fu—kun, CHANG Hong, CUI Shao—jie, LI Lu, GAO Tie—shan FANG Wei—wu, WU Ji—gong, YANG He—ming, WANG Rui—juan.Center for Special Medicine,The 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101,China

【Abstract】Objective To discuss the experience of medical treatment and rescue of the ‘SHENZHOU’ astronauts in the landing place in the past 10 years, and to establish more effective mobile ICU in medical helicopters to ensure ‘SHENJIU’ astronauts safety. Methods The data collected from foreign nations and our country was reviewed. Formerly experience in first—aid and rescue astronauts of our team was summerized. The important reasons of accidental injuries of astronaut during aerospace flight were listed. More effective and reasonable prophylactic measurements and clinical treatments of the accidental injuries of astronauts were brought forward. Results we established three effective mobile ICU that could ensure the safety of the astronauts. The carriers of the ICU were helicopters, and damage control surgery can be performed there. Fine armature made us more effective. Conclusions Reasonable and effective prophylactic measurements and clinical treatments were the important aspect of the successful manned aerospace flight. The first—aid system in helicopters could realize the destination of swift response and first—aid.

【Key words】Astronaut; Injury; First—aid; Air transportation; Medical service; Medical safeguard

载人交会对接是我国载人航天三步走战略的第二步,“神舟九号”交会对接的成功标志着载人航天第二步的完成。3名航天员飞行13 d,完成与天宫一号的自动和手控交会对接,有女航天员参试并开展一定规模的空间科学实验。这些新的任务特点,给主着陆场航天员的医疗救护保障提出了更高的要求。3架医疗救护直升机,加载了ICU医疗救护平台。针对各种可能出现的伤情细化了各种方案预案,确保意外情况下航天员的救护和后送。

1 资料与方法

1.1 国外载人航天发生的主要事故

在过去50多年人类载人航天活动中,美国和前苏联发生过多次事故。在飞船发射、在轨运行和返回着陆过程中,可能会出现的危及航天员健康的不同应急工况。因此,回顾载人航天航天员所发生的意外伤害,对我国载人航天医学救护有重要借鉴意义[1]。

美国载人航天曾先后发生过19起安全事故和故障,造成18人死亡。前苏联共进行了几十次载人飞行,有6人死亡,先后出现过各种故障、事故和安全问题34次[2]。

1.2 航天员已发生过的疾病

国外航天员已发生过的疾病有航天运动病、减压病、前庭障碍、立位耐力降低、胃溃疡、上呼吸道病毒感染、接触性皮炎、泌尿系统感染、抗重力肌萎缩、头痛、肾绞痛、心律失常、焦虑、纳差、失眠等[3]。

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