解析江苏高考任务型阅读

时间:2022-06-26 04:22:18

解析江苏高考任务型阅读

一、题型设置

江苏省从2008年开始将对话填空改为任务型阅读。高考《考试说明》在对“任务型阅读”的解释中给出了两篇示例,表格型和树状型。江苏2008年、2009年和2010年高考任务型阅读为表格型;江苏2011年、2012年和2013年高考任务型阅读为树状型。题型要求是根据所读内容在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词,注意每个空格只填1个单词。虽然说明中给出的图表形式和答题要求不同,但是我们可以发现在所给出的10个空格中,捕捉信息题(细节,词法)占5个,组织信息题(语境、句法)与综合概括题5个。因此,信息的捕捉是重点。此题型要求考生具有捕捉信息能力、组织信息能力和综合概括信息的能力。阅读是由感知、思维、推理、评价、判断、想象和解决问题等一系列积极的心理活动构成的。任务型阅读(taskbased reading)主要依赖于“形式图式”的能力,而“内容图式”和“语言图式”起辅助作用。相对传统阅读理解题型,更注重考生在语言输入的基础上加强语言输出能力的考查,要求对摄取信息进行分析、概括、整理、理解并根据需要进行综合运用。只有掌握解题规律和技巧,才能逐步提高阅读能力,快速正确地完成指定任务要求。

任务型阅读的考点设计为:信息筛选题(寻找信息),信息整合题(重组信息),信息概括题(综合信息)三类;完成表格所要填的词具有以下特点:文中原词,文中词的词形、词性、词义的变化词,重组信息用文外的词表述同一意义的词,以及常见的归纳、概括词。常见的表示概括性的词汇有:

1.表示意义的significance;2.表示类别的type,kind,sort;3.表示影响的effect,influence;4.表示功能作用的function,use;5.表示主题的topic,title,theme;6.表示目的的purpose,aim,goal;7.表示结果的result,consequence;8.表示重要性的importance,value;9.表示特征的feature,characteristic;10.表示赞成和反对的pros and cons;11.表示异同的similarity,difference;12.表示原因的cause (of),reason (for);13.表示评述的comment,assessment;14.表示利弊的advantage,disadvantage;15.表示地点的place,location,where (ver);16.表示过程的process,procedure,routine;17.表示概括的summary,outline,conclusion;18.表示建议的suggestion (for / about / on),tip (of / on),advice (on);19.表示观点、态度的opinion (of),view (on / about),attitude (to / towards);20.表示简介某个现象或问题brief / general introduction,phenomenon,problem;21.表示方法的way (of + 名词 / doing / to do sth.),method (of + 名词),means (of + 名词),approach (to + 名词)。

在复习过程中,速记这类词汇对我们解决这类概括性的问题非常有好处。

二、解题步骤

1. 略读

理解文章大意是做题的第一步,也是关键的一步。因此,要快速浏览全文,尤其是每段的第一句话,即Topic sentence和首尾段落,理清文章的写作思路和基本结构,以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时,文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。只有读懂了文章,才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。

2. 扫读

扫读图表,分析表格结构,理清其显示的层次关系,准确定位其考查要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题,它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意,了解表格结构和题目的设置。如捕捉信息题可以去文中查读,其他问题则需要对信息进行加工处理。一般题目的结构是:① 全文的标题。在标题中缺少一个关键词,根据文章填出所缺的关键词。② 各段大意。试题中给出各段大意,在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容,考生把文章的各段对应起来,找准信息。③ 对各段大意的详细的阐述。从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发,这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力,在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。

3. 精读

深入理解文章内容,精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段,寻找确定答案的关键词语,或从文中进行概括,同时仔细斟酌用词,确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式,看是否与表格中所给的格式相同,同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、语法,所填单词是否符合题目要求,还要注意字母的大小写。

4.复查

通观全篇文章,务必再仔细核对文章和任务,确保准确性。

三、解题技巧

1.获取信息:信息的理解;文章的结构和层次等。

2.处理信息:信息的分层:时间顺序;空间顺序;逻辑层次;共性与差异等。

3.加工信息:信息的分类:事物的特点、性质、要求等;问题的原因、解决方法、行为动机;就某事出现的多种观点、看法以及建议;作者的写作态度和目的等。

4.应用信息:(1)词性的一致:名词性表达、动词性表达、形容词性表达等;(2)词形的正确使用:名词的性、数、格;动词的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词;形容词、副词的比较级和最高级等;(3)词和短语的灵活运用。

1) 前缀和后缀:He was not fit for his job. / He was unfit for his job.

After that many people lost their houses. / After that many people became homeless.

2) 同义词和反义词:Most people are for the project. / Most people are against the project.

Most people are in favor of the proposal. / Most people oppose the proposal.

3) 常用句型:It is said that he is honest. / He is said to be honest.

She spends an hour working out every morning. / It takes her an hour to work out every morning.

4) 词语搭配:He saw something strange over there. / He caught sight of something strange over there.

Xi Jin Ping visited Europe last month. / Xi Jin Ping paid a visit to Europe last month.

四、高考真题和解析

1.高考真题(2013年江苏卷)

第四部分:任务型阅读(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分) 请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)―being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities―are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semiskilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

【语篇解读】 任务型读写主要考查考生对文中有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概况的能力。要求考生在阅读理解的基础上,对阅读信息进行一次加工,归纳要点,整合零碎信息,并以表格的形式把加工后的信息准确、有序地表达出来。本文是一篇说明文。通常来说,尽职尽责是一个很大的优点:工作认真负责,守时自律,帮助别人等等,但同时也有它的缺点,如阻碍创造性,对同事要求过严而影响关系等。

71.答案:strict. 解析:归纳总结题。第一段中讲述的尽心尽责的人的特点:being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟) in attending to responsibilities. 他们守时,工作中细心、自律,一丝不苟,这些都说明他们对自己要求很严格。

72.答案:helpful / good. 解析:信息转换题。第一段中的Its the conscientious worker who “helps” newcomers or updates people... 说明,尽职尽责的人对别人是helpful或者good。

73.答案:Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance. 解析:归纳总结题。文章的第2、3、4段讲述了尽职尽责的好处和重要性。

74.答案:running / working / going / operating / functioning. 解析:由首段的the people who keep things running as they should 可知答案。

75.答案:performance (s). 解析:直接信息题。从第二段中的In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs... 可知答案。

76.答案:fired / dismissed / jobless. 解析:信息转换题。从第三段的Consciousness also offers a buffer(缓冲)against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market.可知他们不容易失去工作,转化为动词,即可得到答案。

77.答案:problems / troubles. 解析:直接信息题。从第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

78.答案:higher / subjective / unfair / unjust / prejudiced. 解析:直接信息题。从第四段的giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of... 可知答案。

79.答案:tense / damaged / poor / bad. 解析:归纳总结题。由第五段中的...overly judgmental..., tended to criticize coworkers... 可知,他们对同事苛刻,可能更容易批评同事,从而造成关系紧张。

80.答案:discourage / affect / damage. 解析:直接信息题。由第六段的it can discourage creativity可知答案。

(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)

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