"情态动词+have done"用法小结

【摘要】每年高考单项填空必有一至两道考察情态动词的题目。近几年对于情态动词的考察始终不偏不怪

，创设的情景逼真，设问角度注重综合化和细微化。其中考察较多的就是"情态动词+have done"的用法。

"情态动词+have done"结构所涉及的动作都发生在过去，做这类题目要以过去为前提。下面我将按照推测

、可能性、必要性、责备、意愿、假想等几种类型来分类、用近三年的高考题做例句把"情态动词+have

done"用法做一个较系统的小结。

【关键词】推测可能性必要性责备意愿假想

每年高考单项填空必有一道考察情态动词的题目，而且这一点一直没有改变，以后的高考题对于情态动词

的考察也将不会有较明显的变化。近几年对于情态动词的考察始终不偏不怪，创设的情景逼真，设问角度

注重综合化和细微化。其中考察较多的就是"情态动词+have done"的用法。下面我将就"情态动词+have

done"用法用近三年的高考题做例句做一个较系统的小结。

"情态动词+have done"结构中的 "have done"是完成式，即该动作在过去已经做完，因此所有"情态动词

+have done"的常见结构都发生在过去，都跟过去有关。我们要教给学生做这类题目要以过去为前提。另

外，"情态动词+have done"的用法要注意所创设的情景，可按照推测、可能性、必要性、责备、意愿、假

想等几种类型来分类。其常见结构及其用法如下：

1. 推测：

must have done 、can/can''t have done、 may/might(not) have done和couldn''t have done

1)must have done 用于肯定句，表示对过去已发生的行为进行推测，意为：一定做了某事。如:

①(2009 上海，27) It must have been Tom that parked the car here, as he

is the only one with a car。

②（2010年安徽卷32）Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years

ago, as a strong-willed man。

2)can/ can not have done通常用在否定句和疑问句中，表示对过去已发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定。如：

① It took him five years to finish the work. He can not have forgotten it.

② He has a lot of work to do today. Can he have gone to his aunt''s?(go)

3) may/might(not) have done表示对过去已发生的行为进行推测，意为：也许已经做。了某事。一般只

用于肯定句和否定句中。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。

(2011年江苏卷34）--I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway

official.

--How unbelievable to get it back！I mean, someone might have done it.

4) couldn''t have done 用于定否定句表示推测，不可能已经做了某事。如：

I saw Mr. Wang just now. He couldn''t have gone to Beijing.

2.可能性：

could have done / might have done

1) could have done:可表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为：本来可以/可能……。如：

①(2009 江苏，28) He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he could have expressed

it differently.

②(2009安徽，34)But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time.

2) might have done 表示本来可能做某事，但实际上没有发生。如：

You might have given him more help,though you were busy.

3. 必要性:

needn''t have done

needn''t have done 表示过去做了本来没必要做的事。如：

You needn''t have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to my house.

注意：didn''t need to do 表示没必要做而实际上也没做某事。如：

I didn''t need to clean the window. My brother did it.

4.责备:

should /ought to have done 和had better have done

1) should /ought to have done 用于肯定句，表本来应该做某事，而实际上没做；

用于否定句，则表示不该做的事反而做了。表示轻微的责备之意。如：

①(2009 重庆，32)--Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?

--She should have been in the classroom. I saw her there just now.

②（2011全国，32）They should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.

2) had better have done 用于事后的建议，含轻微责备之意。表示当时最好做了某事。否定式则表示相

反的含义。如：

① You had better have started earlier.

② You had better not have scolded her.

5. 意愿:

would rather have done、would like to have done

1) would rather have done表示当时宁愿做某事。其否定式表相反的含义。两者都有后悔之意。如：

① I would rather have taken his advice.

② I disagreed with him at the meeting.But now I would rather not have done that.

2)表示过去愿意做某事，但未做成。如：

I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work for two more hours to

make a plan.

6.假想：

would have done

1）would have done 表示假想的过去的动作或事情。常与if引导的表示虚拟的从句连用，意为：要是。

。。就。。。 。如：

① If I had seen the advertisement I would have applied for the job.

② If she hadn''t gone back for the letter she wouldn''t have missed the

bus.

2）would have done 也表示过去虚拟的动作，意为：本要做某事的。如：

①（2011年福建，34）---Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.

---I would have attended it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.

②（2011年天津，15）15. I would have come sooner but I didn''t know that they were waiting

for me.