时间:2022-04-25 02:09:44
摘 要:情态动词have done不仅是高中英语教学的重点和难点,也是高考的重点。情态动词have done有两大功能:一是表示推测;二是表示虚拟。
关键词:情态动词;推测;虚拟
情态动词是高中阶段一个难以掌握的语法项目,且一直是高考的重点和难点。近年来各省市对情态动词的考查热点之一就是:“情态动词+have done”。“情态动词+have done”这一结构有两大功能:一是表示推测;二是表示虚拟。
一、用“情态动词+have done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示
1.must have done:表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,语气十分强烈,只能用于肯定句中。
(1)Jack described his father,who _______ a brave boy many years ago,as a strong-willed man.(2010年安徽)
A.would be B.would have been
C.must be D.must have been
(2)—Guess what!I have got A for my term paper.(2007年上海)
—Great!You____read widely and put a lot of work into it.
A.must B. should C.must have D.should have
Keys:D;C(注意:must have done只能表推测)
2.may/might have done表示对过去的可能性推测“过去可能做了某事”,其程度小于must have done,一般也用于肯定句。如:
—I left my handbag on the train,but luckily someone gave it to the railway officials.
—How unbelievable to get it back!I mean,someone _______ it.(2011年江苏)
A.will have stolen B.might have stolen
C.should have stolen D.must have stolen
Keys:B
3.can/could (not)have done意思是“过去(不)可能做过某事”,常用于否定句和疑问句。
如:—Happy birthday!
—Thank you! It’s the best present I _____ for.(2012年江苏)
A.should have wished B.must have wished
C.may have wished D.could have wished
Keys:D
4.should也可以表示比较有把握的推测,意思是“按理说,应该”。如:
—How’s your tour around the North Lake?Is it beautiful?
—It_____be,but it is now heavily polluted.(2007年全国卷I)
A.will B.would C.should D.must
Key:C
should一般表示对将来事实的推测,它不用于对过去和现在事实的推测。
如果要对现在事实进行推测则仍然用must,may,might,can和could等。
二、用“情态动词+have done”结构还可表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,也就是“虚拟”
1.should have done/ought to have done:表示过去本应做某事而实际没有做。
如:They _______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.(2011年全国I)
A.will B.can C.must D.should
Keys:D
2.should not have done/ought not to have done:表示过去本不应做某事,但事实上却做了。
如:I _______ have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams.(2010年山东)
A.shouldn’t B.needn’t C.couldn’t D.mustn’t
Key:A
3.need have done:表示过去本来有必要做某事,但事实上没有做。
need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。
如:(1)I _______ use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house.(2012年全国I)
A.couldn’t B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t
(2)Mark____have hurried .After driving at top speed,he arrived half an hour early.(2010年天津)
A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.couldn’t
Key:D;A
4.can/could have done:表示本来能够做成某事,但结果没能做成。
can/could not have done:表示本来不能够做成某事,但结果做成了。
如:(1)He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he _______ it differently.(2009年江苏)
A.could express B.would express
C.could have expressed D.must have expressed
(2)He paid for a seat,when he______have entered free.(2005年山东)
A.could B.would C.must D.need
Key:C;A
5.may/might have done:表示本来可以做成某事,但结果没能做成
may/might not have done:表示本来不可以做成某事,但结果做成了。
如:What a pity!Considering his ability and experience,he _______ better.(2008年江西)
A.need have done B.must have done
C.can have done D.might have done
Key:D
任何语言的使用都会受到语境的限制,语言的灵活性也只有在具体的语境中才能完全体现。情态动词+have done到底是表示推测还是虚拟,就要看在什么样的语境中了,因此,理解语境是解题的关键。
(作者单位 陕西省府谷县府谷中学)