直接引语变间接引语七项变化

时间:2022-06-08 09:40:53

直接引语和间接引语这个语法项目在高中英语教材和初中英语教材中都出现了,都属于必讲语法点,这里我们主要讲讲直接引语改写成间接引语要考虑的“七项变化”。

1. 时态的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后退一个,即一般现在时变为一般过去时,一般将来时变为过去将来时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,现在完成时变为过去完成时,一般过去时也变为过去完成时等等(若直接引语为过去完成时,变为间接引语可以不变)。另外,若直接引语中有情态动词can, may等,也应变成过去式could, might等(情态动词must可以变为had to,也可不变,should, ought to, had better 等可以不变)。

例如:“I like to watch TV,” she said. 她说:“我喜欢看电视。”

She said that she liked to watch TV. 她说她喜欢看电视。

“She can swim,” he said. 他说:“她会游泳。”

He said that she could swim. 他说她会游泳。

【注意】(1) 若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变:

例如:The teacher said,“The earth turns around the sun.”老师说:“地球绕着太阳转。”

The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳转。

(2) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时时态也可不变:

例如:He said,“I was born in 1954.” 他说:“我是1954年生的。”

He said that he was born in 1954. 他说他是1954年生的。

2. 时间状语的变化

直接引语变间接引语时,有些时间状语根据情况也要相应的改动:如将now改为then,将today 改为that day,将tonight改为that night,将yesterday改为the day before,将this month改为that month,将last week改为the week before,将three years ago改为three years before,将tomorrow改为the next day,将next year改为the next year等等。

例如:He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他说:“我现在很忙。”

He said that he was very busy then. 他说他当时很忙。

3. 代词的变化

在直接引语变为间接引语时,有些代词也要作相应的变化,如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整。

例如:He said,“I think this is the best.”他说:“我认为这是最好的。”

He said that he thought that was the best. 他说他认为那是最好的。

【注意】若场所和地点不发生改变,this和that也可以不变。

4. 地点状语的变化

主要涉及的地点状语是here,它在间接引语中通常要变为there。

例如:“I’ve live here for 10 years,” he said. 他说:“我在这儿已住了10年。”

He said that he had lived there for 10 years. 他说他在那儿住了10年。

【注意】若在当地转述,则here也可不必改为there。

5. 动词的变化

直接引语变为间接引语时,有个别动词也可能需要改变,如come改为go,bring改为take等。

例如:“He will come today.” she said. 她说:“他今天会来。”

She said that he would go that day. 她说他那天会去。

【注意】若地点和场所未发生改变,come和bring等也可不变。

6. 语序的变化

对于直接引语为疑问句的情形,由于变为间接引语后“疑问句”变成了宾语从句,所以要注意将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。

例如:“Do you know this man?”he asked. “你认识这个人吗?”他问。

He asked if/whether I knew that man. 他问我是否认识那个人。

7. 句式的变化

有时由直接引语变为间接引语时,其句式也要发生变化。规则为:一般疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句;特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句;祈使句变为ask/tell/order sb. (not) to do sth.句式。

例如:He said, “I’m very glad.” 他说:“我非常高兴。”

He said that he was very glad. 他说他非常高兴。

He said, “Can you come this afternoon, John?” 他说:“约翰,你下午来吗?”

He asked whether John could come this afternoon. 他问约翰下午是否会来。

■ 练一练

一、 单项选择。

1. He asked __________ for the computer.

A. did I pay how much

B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay

D. how much I paid

2. Our father said that he_____ a new computer the next week.

A. will buy B. have bought

C. would buy D. buys

二、 将下面句子改写为间接引语。

1. “Come early tomorrow, Jim,” he said.

2. She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.”

Keys:一、 1-2 DC

二、 1. He told Jim to come early the next day.

2. She said that she would tell me the next day.

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